1. COMPUTER SYSTEM FUNDAMENTAL Copyright @ Genetic Computer School 2008 11-1 INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LESSON 11

2. COMPUTER SYSTEM FUNDAMENTAL Copyright @ Genetic Computer School 2008 11-2 LESSON OVERVIEW  Definition of Artificial Intelligence  Applications of Artificial Intelligence  AI Branches  Knowledge Bases and Databases  Semantic Networks  Knowledge Representation Methods  Rules

3. COMPUTER SYSTEM FUNDAMENTAL Copyright @ Genetic Computer School 2008 11-3 DEFINITION: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence, but AI does not have to confine itself to methods that are biologically observable.

4. COMPUTER SYSTEM FUNDAMENTAL Copyright @ Genetic Computer School 2008 11-4 APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE  Game playing  Speech recognition  Understanding natural language  Computer vision  Expert systems

5. COMPUTER SYSTEM FUNDAMENTAL Copyright @ Genetic Computer School 2008 11-5 AI BRANCHES  Logical AI  Search  Pattern recognition  Representation  Inference  Common sense knowledge and reasoning  Learning from experience  Planning  Epistemology  Ontology  Heuristics  Genetic programming

6. COMPUTER SYSTEM FUNDAMENTAL Copyright @ Genetic Computer School 2008 11-6 KNOWLEDGE BASES AND DATABASES Both knowledge bases and traditional databases are designed to store information. They differ significantly from each other  in the types of information they can store  the types of interrelationships between data they can handle  in what kind of training is needed for the person who updates the stored information A knowledge base is an extension of a database that is more comprehensive and more powerful. 1 of 3

7. COMPUTER SYSTEM FUNDAMENTAL Copyright @ Genetic Computer School 2008 11-7 KNOWLEDGE BASES AND DATABASES The update requirements for databases contrast sharply with those for knowledge base updates because of the differences in the type of information and in the cause- and-effect relationships contained in knowledge bases. 2 of 3

8. COMPUTER SYSTEM FUNDAMENTAL Copyright @ Genetic Computer School 2008 11-8 It is not only the ability to store general knowledge, rules, and uncertain information that differentiates knowledge bases from databases. Knowledge bases store and handle far more complex and sophisticated relationships between facts, or chunks of information, than databases can. KNOWLEDGE BASES AND DATABASES 3 of 3

9. COMPUTER SYSTEM FUNDAMENTAL Copyright @ Genetic Computer School 2008 11-9 SEMANTICSEMANTIC NETWORKSNETWORKS 1 of 3

10. COMPUTER SYSTEM FUNDAMENTAL Copyright @ Genetic Computer School 2008 11-10 SEMANTICSEMANTIC NETWORKSNETWORKS 2 of 3

11. COMPUTER SYSTEM FUNDAMENTAL Copyright @ Genetic Computer School 2008 11-11 SEMANTIC NETWORKS A semantic network is a node-and-arc graphical notation that represents objects (or actions or events) and contains built-in real-world meaning, or semantics, about the objects. 3 of 3

12. COMPUTER SYSTEM FUNDAMENTAL Copyright @ Genetic Computer School 2008 11-12 KNOWLEDGE REPRSENTATION METHODS  Rules  Frames  Processes  Logic  Scripts.

13. COMPUTER SYSTEM FUNDAMENTAL Copyright @ Genetic Computer School 2008 11-13 RULE A rule is a conditional statement that specifies an action to take place, or advice to follow, under a certain set of conditions. This situation-action or symptom-cause format of rules is particularly suitable for expressing knowledge that experts in the field have gained as a result of experience – their so-called Rules Of Thumb.