1.  Part 1

2.  1. How did the Treaty of Sevres affect the Ottoman Empire? (page 499) o This is treaty where Ottoman Empire lost its Arab and North African lands… and sultan agrees to give up land in Asia Minor to Allied countries, such as Greece o Ottoman Empire had been existence since 1299… it was seen as bridge between Western and Eastern hemispheres… over 30 million people at its height, and although it was Muslim, other religions were tolerated to an extent and there was a mix of cultures… one key, though, was that Turkish ethnicity was prized above Arab ethnicity (especially later in empire)  2. How did Turkey form from the (metaphorical) ashes of the Ottoman Empire? (499) o After getting land through treaty of Sevres, Greeks land in Smyrna to assert their claims; but Turkish nationalists, led by Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk), overthrow them and declare Turkey a republic; new treaty called for 1.3 million Greeks to leave Turkey (about 400,000 Turks had to leave Greece, too)

3.  3. How did Ataturk (Mustafa Kemal) change Turkey? (499-500) o (Ataturk meant “Father of the Turks”) o He modernized the country by making it more Western, separating religion from government, getting rid of Islamic tradition o Examples: replaced Muslim calendar and Arabic language, made day of rest be Sunday, changed schools from religious to state-run, forced Western-style clothes, gave women right to vote and work outside of home o Government also expanded industrially, building roads, setting up factories o He was loved by many, although some criticized him  4. How did Reza Khan change Persia? (500) o He was an army officer who overthrew the shah in Persia (Iran), setting up his own dynasty with himself as shah (Britain helped, in part because the country had been unstable and Britain had a lot invested in it) o He built factories, roads, railroads, strengthened army o He forced Persians to wear Western clothing and set up secular schools o Replaced Islamic law with secular law, encouraged women to take part in public life o Changed country name to Iran in 1935 o Also persuaded British company controlling Persia’s oil to give Persia larger share of profits and to hire Persian workers o Negatives: some say he ruled as a despot, marginalized some ethnicities, was too much a puppet of Britain, didn’t help lower class enough to prevent later Iranian Revolution, he was actually overthrown by Britain and Russia in WWII because he stayed fiercely neutral, wouldn’t let them go through country to fight Axis powers  5. What did the reforms of Ataturk and Reza Khan have in common? (500) o (Your answers)

4.  6. Why did oil become more important the early 1900s in the Middle East? (500-501) o Demand was increasing due to gasoline-powered engines o And supply was increasing there, due to new oil discoveries  7. What is Pan-Arabism, and what did people who followed it believe? (500-501) o Nationalist movement built on shared heritage of Arabs o Emphasizes common history and language of Arabs, recalls golden age of Arab civilization centuries earlier o Calls for Arabs to be freed from foreign domination and united  8. Why did Arabs feel betrayed by Western countries after World War I? (501) o Arabs had helped many Allied forces during WW1, and they thought they’d get independence as a result (many were under control of Ottoman Empire before) o Instead, the Allied powers carved up the land for themselves (forming mandates) o Arabs frequently revolted and resented Western powers for this reason

5.  9. What is the Zionist movement? (501-502) o Jewish nationalists who wanted to create a Jewish state in what was now Palestine (the original Israel) o Started in late 1800s, and seen as a way to escape persecution and racism (although some criticize it for being racist and potentially persecuting Arabs)  NOTE: Israel/Palestine is a holy land for the three big monotheistic religions  In Jewish faith: o Jews say they were given land by God, and Jerusalem was site of temple  In Christian faith o Place of birth, ministry, crucifixion, and resurrection of Jesus  In Muslim faith o Location of Al-Aqsa Mosque, considered one of holiest sites; it was also the first gibla (direction of prayer) in Islam, before the Kaaba in Mecca  Jews o settled in around 11th century BC  Muslims o conquered in 636 a.d.  Christians o Fought series of wars (Crusades) to try to control land  Ottoman Empire o Controlled land until WW1 ended  The British o Technically controlled land after that

6.  10. What did the Balfour Declaration do? (502) o British formally advocate the idea of setting up a national home for Jewish people in Palestine; However, the British say “nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine”  11. How did Zionists change Palestine during the period between 1919 and 1940? (502) o Tens of thousands immigrate to Palestine because of Zionist movement, anti-Semitism in Europe, and thought that Balfour Declaration might actually work  a. How did that lead to tensions between Jews and Arabs? (502) o Jewish population grew from 60,000 in 1919 to 400,000 in 1936 o Muslim population increased from 568,000 in 1919 to 1 million in 1940 o Jewish did build new factories, bring new technology o But Jews also purchased as much land as possible, and Arabs attacked Jewish settlers to try to discourage them o The Jews then established their own military defense force

7.  12. Who are Kurds? (670-671) o Another ethnic group in the Middle East o Most are Muslim, but they are minorities in Turkey, Iran, Iraq o We’ll get to them in some way later, but back to Israel/Palestine!

8.  13. What caused increased support for a Jewish homeland in the 1940s? (671) o The Holocaust o Why?  14. How did the United Nations try to solve the Israel/Palestine problem? (671) o (Britain had gave control to UN after WWII) o UN devised plan to split land between Israel and Palestine in 1947

9.  Israel and Palestine o UN voted to split land into Israel (Jewish) and Palestine (Arabs), with Jerusalem controlled by both… Jews liked this, while Arabs did not; officially happens on May 14, 1948  The first war o on May 15, (the very next day) Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon and Iraq declared war on Israel… but by end of 1948, Israeli army was winning, had conquered even more territory…

10.  15. What is a kibbutz? (671) o Collective farm; Israel had a lot of these, in addition to industry that helped it to become a force in the world  16. How did the Israel/Palestine conflict lead to refugees? (671- 672) o Hundreds of thousands of Palestinians had fled their homes, and the UN sets up camps in nearby areas o Meanwhile, Jews from Arab nations had to become refugees in Israel o To this day, the question of “Right to Return” is a key part of Israel/Palestine conflict