1. WHY YOUR EMERGENCY PLAN MUST HAVE A PAPER COMPONENT John C. White CNMT Chair, North Texas Radiation Response Group Radiation Safety Officer, VA North Texas Health Care System* *NOT Representing VA in this presentation

2. Your PLAN Often Complex Many Participating Elements Often Depends on Close Collaboration and Good Communications Post-Drill After Action Reports Often Report Communications is Weakest Link Often Depends on Trained Personnel with Knowledge of Plan and Contacts Common Core: Electronic Communications

3. Your PLAN

5. The FIVE potential causes of Long-Term Power Loss Natural Causes: – Earthquake or Major Widespread Storm – Solar Storm Man-Made Causes: – Cyberattack – Physical Attack at Critical Point – Electromagnetic Pulse

6. Earthquake Hazard As of 2000 Some Warning, Systems in Infancy

7. Earthquake

10. Major Storm Rita Katrina Usually Ample Warning

11. Major Storm

12. Solar Storm Vast, as in Gigatons, of Charged Particles Planet-wide or Local Effects Double Event Possible, and Has Happened – 775 A.D. Massive Radiation Event Stripped Ozone from Planet, Increase in Carbon-14 – 1859 Carrington Event Set Fires in Telegraph Stations Aurora Borealis Seen in Jamaica and Hawaii Read Newspaper by the Light in Colorado – March 13, 1989 Major Solar Storm Quebec/Ontario Region Blackout – July 23, 2012 Carrington-level Event Missed Earth by one week in orbit Less Than 24 Hours Warning

13. The Sun – Solar Storms

14. Earth Compared to Sun

16. Aurora – In 1859, seen as far South as Jamaica. Reports of ‘Unusual Sky’ in Tahiti. Miners in Colorado could read newspaper, thought it was morning. Effects

17. 1989 Blackout

18. Partially Melted Transformer

21. Cyberattack Mounting Attempts at Cyberattacks – Increased Sophistication of Tools and Attacks – Less Depth of Knowledge of Intruders Little Warning

22. Cyberattacks Ukraine

23. Cyberattack

24. Increasing Cyber Threat Complex Attack Structures Billions Spent on Defense USA is Better Off than Most Countries Eternal Vigilance

25. Physical Attack on Critical Component Little or No Warning

26. Sparks From Bullets Hitting Fence Youtube Video California Power Substation

27. California Substation Attack Oil Leaking from Damage 17 of These Transformers Were Damaged. It Took 27 Days to Replace.

28. Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) Natural and Man-Made Extremely Destructive Scalable Line-of-sight Simple to Implement, Deadly to Response Vast Social Impact Potentially Very Long Time to Recover

29. EMP Characteristics Rise Time ~20 MICROseconds EMP Field 1kV-5 KILOvolts/m

30. EMP Characteristics 25-75 KILOvolts/m Field Strength (~1 MEGAwatt/sq. meter) 10 NANOsecond Rise Time

31. Electromagnetic Pulse Small Nuclear Weapon + Missile + Altitude = Possible High Energy RF Pulse Very Fast Rise Time, 1000X Faster than Lightning Very Large Power =~ 1 MW/sq.m. Little or No Warning

32. Electromagnetic Pulse Scalable !!! – Lower Altitude, Smaller Area Targeted – Lower Nuclear Yield, Lower Field Strength

33. EMP Characteristics

34. Military EMP Testing Adm. Gortney, April 7, 2015 Pax. River HPD/VPD Albuq. Trestle

35. Electromagnetic Pulse Requires Faraday Cage and Treatment of Penetrations Complex Threat Environment, Complex Response by Equipment Requires Planning for Eventuality

36. Your PLAN Must Be Robust And Simple Must Be Partially Non-Electronic Must Be At Least Partially Executable Without Computers or Communications Must Have Capability To Record Information On Paper

37. SUMMARY Electrical Grid is Vulnerable Loss of Power Can Be Long, or Short Long-Term Power Loss is Devastating to Society

38. The First Hundred Minutes Draft to Interagency Group April 2016 – DHS-S&T, DOE-BNL, DOE-SNL Final Late Summer Action Oriented Guidance for RDD Results from UASI Planning Led by National Urban Security Technology Laboratory

39. The First Hundred Minutes What Will You Know? – There Was An Explosion – There Is Radiation – Maybe Some Information on Exposure Rate – CNN Reports The End Of The World As We Know It (TEOTWAWKI) – Facebook/Instagram/Youtube Videos Proliferate – There Are More Questions Than You Can Possibly Answer

40. EARLY (Emergency Response) INTERMEDIATE (Incident Stabilization) 100 mins10 mins 15 mins 90 mins 60 mins 030 mins5 mins RECOGNIZE that radiation is present at the scene of explosion. INFORM responders and the public of the initial default Hot Zone and Shelter-in-Place zones and notify local, state and federal authorities to request assistance. INITIATE a multiagency response, with agencies conducting lifesaving rescue operations and securing and managing the scene, without waiting for radiation monitoring to begin. MEASURE & MAP radiation levels at the detonation site, in the near field, and downwind to initially characterize and visualize the extent of the radiological contamination. EVACUATE & MONITOR populations from impacted areas and begin to identify locations to open Community Reception Centers for screening and population monitoring. A Concept for a Successful Response Five Missions – 10 Tactics 40

41. Time-Phased Response Tactics 41

42. 0 EARLY (Emergency Response) INTERMEDIATE (Incident Stabilization) 100 mins10 mins 15 mins 90 mins 60 mins 30 mins5 mins RECOGNIZE 0 – 5 minutes 1. Initial Response and On Scene Recognition 2. Confirm the Presence of Radiation INFORM 5 – 10 minutes 3. Give Report from the Scene 4. Issue Protective Actions to the Public 5. Notify Partners and Request Assistance INITIATE 5 – 40 minutes 6. Initiate Lifesaving Rescue Operations 7. Secure and Manage the Scene MEASURE & MAP 15 – 90 minutes 8. Measure and Map Radiation Levels EVACUATE & MONITOR >70 minutes 9. Commence Phase Evacuations 10. Monitor and Decontaminate A Concept for a Successful Response 42

43. Current Efforts

44. Texas Grid Security Summit April 28-29, 2016 State Capitol

45. Current Efforts FBI Infragard EMP SIG FERC/NERC Requirements Citizen Awareness National Disaster Life Support Foundation – Basic Disaster Life Support Training Amateur Radio: QST has EMP papers Other Small Efforts

46. Take-Away Messages Total Reliance on Electronic Information and Electronic Communications is Poor There Are Many Ways Electrical Supply Can Fail The More Locations Needed In The Contact Path for which Electricity Is Required, The More Likely The Failure Actions To Be Taken In The First 100 Minutes Can Determine Outcome Contact Information Only As Good As Communications First Actions To Be Taken Should Be On Paper