1. LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Lectures by Erin Barley Kathleen Fitzpatrick An Introduction to Metabolism Chapter 8

2. Conclusion: Dialysis Lab

3. Name the Gecko (finally) Michael Jackson Stitch Magenta Spiderman Iron lizard Sonic Hedgehog Hellboy Red Dragon Smaug Fireball Leo Rufus Pepper Gerald Tobiey Cody Dumbledore Shark bait Nike Heavenboy Puff

4. Figure 8.1

5. Forms of Energy Energy is the capacity to cause change Energy exists in various forms, some of which can perform work © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

6. Kinetic energy is energy associated with motion Heat (thermal energy) is kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules ________________________________________ Potential energy is energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure Chemical energy is potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction Energy can be converted from one form to another © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

7. Figure 8.2 A diver has more potential energy on the platform than in the water. Diving converts potential energy to kinetic energy. Climbing up converts the kinetic energy of muscle movement to potential energy. A diver has less potential energy in the water than on the platform.

8. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Animation: Energy Concepts Right-click slide / select “Play”

9. Concept 8.1: An organism’s metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics Metabolism is the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions Metabolism is an emergent property of life that arises from interactions between molecules within the cell © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. Catabolic pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds –Example: Cellular respiration, the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

11. Anabolic pathways consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones –Examples: Photosynthesis, the formation of glucose in the presence of sunlight The synthesis of protein from amino acids © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

12. The Laws of Energy Transformation Thermodynamics is the study of energy transformations A closed system, similar to liquid in a thermos, is isolated from its surroundings In an open system, energy and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings Organisms are open systems © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

13. The First Law of Thermodynamics According to the first law of thermodynamics, the energy of the universe is constant –Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed The first law is also called the principle of conservation of energy © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

14. The Second Law of Thermodynamics According to the second law of thermodynamics –Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

15. Figure 8.3a (a) First law of thermodynamics Chemical energy

16. Figure 8.3b (b) Second law of thermodynamics Heat

17. Spontaneous processes occur without energy input; they can happen quickly or slowly light heat Energy flows into an ecosystem in the form of light and exits in the form of heat © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

18. Figure 8.4

19. The evolution of more complex organisms does not violate the second law of thermodynamics Entropy (disorder) may decrease in an organism, but the universe’s total entropy increases © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

20. Free-Energy Change,  G A living system’s free energy is energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform, as in a living cell © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

21. The change in free energy (∆G) during a process is related to the change in enthalpy, or change in total energy (∆H), change in entropy (∆S), and temperature in Kelvin (T) ∆G = ∆H – T∆S Only processes with a negative ∆G are spontaneous Spontaneous processes can be harnessed to perform work © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

22. Free Energy, Stability, and Equilibrium Free energy is a measure of a system’s instability, its tendency to change to a more stable state –The greater the ∆G, the more unstable the system is During a spontaneous change, free energy decreases and the stability of a system increases © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

23. Figure 8.5 More free energy (higher G) Less stable Greater work capacity In a spontaneous change The free energy of the system decreases (  G  0) The system becomes more stable The released free energy can be harnessed to do work Less free energy (lower G) More stable Less work capacity (a) Gravitational motion (b) Diffusion(c) Chemical reaction

24. The Structure and Hydrolysis of ATP ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the cell’s energy shuttle ATP is composed of ribose (a sugar), adenine (a nitrogenous base), and three phosphate groups Let’s draw it again: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

25. Figure 8.8 (a) The structure of ATP Phosphate groups Adenine Ribose Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Energy Inorganic phosphate Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) (b) The hydrolysis of ATP

26. Figure 8.8b Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Energy Inorganic phosphate Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) (b) The hydrolysis of ATP

27. Figure 8.10 Transport protein Solute ATP P P i ADP P i ADP ATP Solute transported Vesicle Cytoskeletal track Motor proteinProtein and vesicle moved (b) Mechanical work: ATP binds noncovalently to motor proteins and then is hydrolyzed. (a) Transport work: ATP phosphorylates transport proteins.

28. The Regeneration of ATP ATP is a renewable resource that is regenerated by addition of a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) The ATP cycle is a revolving door through which energy passes during its transfer from catabolic to anabolic pathways © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

29. Figure 8.11 Energy from catabolism (exergonic, energy-releasing processes) Energy for cellular work (endergonic, energy-consuming processes) ATP ADPP i H2OH2O

30. Exergonic and Endergonic Reactions in Metabolism An exergonic reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous An endergonic reaction absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is nonspontaneous © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

31. Figure 8.6 (a) Exergonic reaction: energy released, spontaneous (b) Endergonic reaction: energy required, nonspontaneous Reactants Energy Products Progress of the reaction Amount of energy released (  G  0) Reactants Energy Products Amount of energy required (  G  0) Progress of the reaction Free energy

32. Figure 8.6a (a) Exergonic reaction: energy released, spontaneous Reactants Energy Products Progress of the reaction Amount of energy released (  G  0) Free energy

33. Figure 8.6b (b) Endergonic reaction: energy required, nonspontaneous Reactants Energy Products Amount of energy required (  G  0) Progress of the reaction Free energy

34. Bioluminescence Smithsonian gallerygallery Giant Giant squid

35. Equilibrium and Metabolism Reactions in a closed system eventually reach equilibrium and then do no work Cells are not in equilibrium; they are open systems experiencing a constant flow of materials A defining feature of life is that metabolism is never at equilibrium A catabolic pathway in a cell releases free energy in a series of reactions Closed and open hydroelectric systems can serve as analogies © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

36. Figure 8.7 (a) An isolated hydroelectric system (b) An open hydro- electric system (c) A multistep open hydroelectric system  G  0  G  0

37. Figure 8.7a (a) An isolated hydroelectric system  G  0  G  0

38. Figure 8.7b (b) An open hydroelectric system  G  0

39. Figure 8.7c (c) A multistep open hydroelectric system  G  0

40. OIL RIG