1. Figure 14.15

2. Figure CO 14

3. Figure 14.1

6. Dinoflagellates (single-celled algae): symbionts in corals (zooxanthellae) live inside the cells of corals toxic algae blooms (red tides) bioluminescence Gonyaulax (not in corals, red tide algae)

7. Figure 14.24

8. Dinoflagellates in coral = “zooxanthellae”: Theca (shell) not present in symbionts in coral Transmitted in eggs of coral to offspring Expelled during coral “bleaching” Required by coral for food and growth of skeleton Gonyaulax (not in corals, red tide algae)

9. Multiple polyps (colonial coral) Eg, boulder coral Single polyp (solitary coral) boulder coral One corallite/polyp mushroom coral

10. Figure 14.6 Brain coral (colonial coral) Many polyps in a single, interconnected large corallite (skeleton “cup”) Coral skeletons are made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) “limestone”

11. Single or colonial coral?

12. Lobophyllia hemprichii (each ring= one polyp)

13. Figure 14.3 Polyps in a colony are interconnected (wave of contraction)

14. Figure 14.6 Free-living = solitary

15. Figure 14.18

16. Growth of a coral reef Planula larvae settles. Growth to adult form. Coral rubble accumulates Rubble cemented by red algae (coralline algae)

17. One of main sediment-forming organisms is a green algae Halimeda.

18. Coral reefs require a community of Corals Red Algae Calcareous green algae Other animals that provide limestone or help bind sediments = Key components of reef

19. Coral reefs require a community of Corals Red Algae Calcareous green algae Other animals that provide limestone or help bind sediments Shells: foraminifera, snails, tubeworms, clams, sea urchins Binding or more shells: bryozoans, sponges, bacteria = Key components of reef

20. Coccoliphorids: Single celled algae in open ocean Important primary producers Calcium carbonate skeletons

21. What do coral reefs need in order to grow?

22. Light (no deeper than 50 m) Warm but not too warm (> 20 o C (68F), < 30 o to 35 o C (86-95F)

23. Figure 14.11

24. Why is highest temperature that corals can tolerate higher than the average high where they live?

25. Threats to corals High temperatures (global warming) Nutrient runoff (sewage, fertilizer) Sedimentation Collection (aquaria, jewelry)

26. Red algae smothering coral in Hawaii (nutrients from sewage)

27. Dredging releases sediment

29. Coral and coral animals sold to collectors

30. How are coral reefs formed? 1) Fringing reefs 2) Barrier reefs 3) Atolls

31. Fringing reef

32. (Bismarck Archipelago, southwest Pacific)

33. Figure 14.17 Barrier Reef (lagoon between reef and shore) ( Great Barrier Reef, Belize reef )

34. Figure 14.22a Atoll (Darwin)

35. Lagoon Back reef Fore reef

36. Figure 14.23

37. Figure 14.25 PP of coral zooxanthellae - coral/mucus feeders - predators

38. Figure 14.26

39. Figure 14.27 Warfare for space Chemical Stinging (sweeper tentacles) Digestive (mesenterial filaments)

40. Figure 14.28

41. Figure 14.30