1. launching a new era of Commercial Lunar Missions Dr. Allison Zuniga Mark Turner Dr. Dan Rasky NASA Ames Research Center Mack Henderson NASA JSC Retired March 22, 2016

2. Apollo 50 Campaign Overview Vision Statement and Goals Commemorate the 50 th anniversary of Apollo’s Golden Era of manned lunar missions (1968-1972) with a Campaign of Commercial Lunar Exploration Missions (2018-2022) to kickoff a New Era of Commercial Lunar Missions to meet the following goals:  Explore the potential resources of the Moon by obtaining ground truth data;  Determine economic viability of extracting resources for future commercial, large-scale endeavours;  Advance and mature lunar commercial capabilities to promote and enable a robust Cis-Lunar commercial economy ;  Conduct educational and outreach activities on Apollo mission anniversary dates to inspire the next generation of explorers.  Apollo 8: Dec 21-27, 2018  Apollo 11: July 20, 2019  Apollo 17: Dec 11-14, 2022 From Apollo Legacy to 21 st Century Robotic Lunar Exploration 2

3. Apollo 50 Campaign Potential Landing Sites 3 Lunar Polar landing sites:  North and South Poles may contain an abundance of water ice below the surface in permanently shadowed regions (PSRs) and surrounding areas.  LCROSS provided scientific evidence of water-ice concentrations in a south pole crater.  PSRs are very challenging to operate in due to extreme low temperatures, low visibility, steep and rocky terrain, etc.  Several robotic missions to the poles are necessary to determine quantities, depth, and accessibility of the water-ice concentrations. Lava Tubes or Lunar Caves  It is estimated that several lava tubes or lunar caves exist in various areas on the Moon.  These caves can serve as human habitations since they are very large and can provide a good amount of radiation shielding.  Several robotic missions to these areas are necessary to provide structural integrity and radiation data as well as accessibility information of these caves. Apollo Historical Landing Sites  There are 6 Apollo landing sites with existing US hardware almost 50 years old.  These sites can provide valuable information on micrometeorite damage and hazards assessment on the 50-year old hardware.  Some of the Apollo sites also offer interesting geological areas that may be rich in resources and worth investigating. Missions to these areas would build on the Apollo legacy.

4. Potential Mission Objectives 4 Neutron Spectrometer Low-cost commercial missions may be able to meet several exploration, science and commercial objectives with small instruments, such as, neutron spectrometer. Sample list of mission objectives are as follows:  Prospect for, characterize and locate potential resources on the Moon (e.g. ice concentrations at the poles and precious metals at the equator);  Measure distributions and depths of areas with high hydrogen concentrations;  Measure amounts of radiation at various sites and within lunar caves and lava tubes;  Demonstrate successful precision landing in close proximity to desired landing location;  Demonstrate lunar surface robotic navigation and communications over several kilometers of operation;  Demonstrate ISRU technologies and operations, such as drilling, for extracting lunar resources.

5. Potential Commercial Market Objectives  Recent studies have investigated the potential of near-term and long-term commercial opportunities for cis-lunar and lunar markets as shown in table below.  Lunar Exploration mission objectives will be designed to enable development of commercial capabilities that will lead to capture of significant markets by our commercial partners.  As evident from the table, there is a large overlap of commercial objectives and exploration/science objectives where all parties can benefit, such as, payload hosting and lander systems. 5 (US$M) Reference: Google Lunar XPRIZE Market Study 2013, prepared by London Economics 10

6. Potential Lunar Lander and Launch Vehicle Options 6 Lunar Lander TeamsLaunch Vehicle OptionsTargeted First Mission Astrobotic’s Griffin Lander Secondary Payload on SpaceX’s Falcon or ULA’s Atlas V Late 2017 to Lacus Mortis, 45 deg N and 27.2 deg E Moon Express MX-1 RocketLab’s Electron Launch Vehicle 2017 Masten’s XL-1, XL-2 and XEUS Landers SpaceX’s Falcon 9 or Heavy or ULA’s Atlas VTBD Israel’s SpaceIL GLXP team Co-manifested by SpaceFlight Industries on SpaceX’s Falcon 9 Late 2017 to mid-Latitude site (30 to 60 deg) NASA JSC’s Morpheus Lander SpaceX’s Falcon 9 or Heavy or ULA’s Atlas V NA 13

7. Potential Rover Options 7 Lunar Rover TeamsCapabilities Astrobotic/CMU’s Rovers Multiple rover options for equatorial and polar missions. Japan’s Hakuto GLXP Team (Partnered with Astrobotic on first mission) Dual Rover system linked by a tether: MoonRaker and Tetris. Chile’s AngelicvM GLXP Team (Also partnered with Astrobotic on first mission) Plans to deliver small payloads on first and follow-on missions. Germany’s Part-Time Scientists GLXP Team partnered with Audi Equipped with a 4-wheeled electrical drive system, the rover will deploy and operate a series of technological payloads. 14

8. Potential Instrumentation Options 8 Sample Instrumentation OptionsKey Measurements Neutron Spectrometer System (NSS) Senses hydrogen-bearing materials (eg. Ice) in the top meter of regolith. Near-Infrared Volatile Spectrometer System (NIRVSS) Identify volatiles, including water form (e.g. ice bound) in top 20-30 cm of regolith. Also provides surface temperatures at scales of <10 m Camera, LEDs plus NIR spectrometerProvides high fidelity spectral composition at range. Camera and LEDs only Measures soil and regolith composition at 100 micron scale. DrillsCaptures samples from up to 1 m; provides more accurate strength measurement of subsurface. MagnetometerMeasures variations in the strength of the Moon’s magnetic field. SeismometerMeasures propagation of seismic waves through the Moon to help understand the Moon’s internal structure. Laser Retro-Reflectors Improved knowledge of Moon’s orbit, variations in the rotation of the Moon and rate at which Moon is receding from Earth. Neutron Spectrometer NIRVSS Apollo Laser Retro-Reflector 15

9. Partnership Strategy  Use available low-cost secondary payload opportunities on medium-class launch vehicles, e.g., SpaceX’s Falcon 9 or ULA’s Atlas V  Leverage entrepreneurs and start-up businesses to provide creative, low-cost solutions.  Explore opportunities with Silicon Valley high-tech venture capitalists and angel investors.  Partner with international and commercial organizations to leverage existing lunar transportation and rover capabilities, such as, Google Lunar X-Prize and Lunar CATALYST teams.  Look for opportunities to partner with NASA to transfer technical expertise and lunar lander technology through NASA Non-Reimbursable Space Act Agreements.  Partner with FAA for commercial licensing and regulatory requirements for cis-lunar and lunar surface operations.  Look for partners that are interested in advertising strategies for their product using the Moon as inspiration.  Partner with companies that are interested in being the first to develop products for the Moon. 9

10. Options for Participation in Apollo 50 Public Donors  Small donations from the general public would provide in return: Your name etched on a Plaque to be placed on Lunar Surface. Tweeted photo of you with Lunar surface background and time stamp. Sponsorships  Large donations from small businesses or large corporations would provide in return: Logos strategically placed on space hardware or on Lunar Surface. Advertising rights to any phase of the mission. Educational Payloads  Teachers and students can participate in competition to develop a payload to be delivered to surface of the Moon.  Number of awards will depend on number of donations received. Commercial Payloads  Private companies and organizations can sponsor a payload to be delivered to surface of the Moon.  Payload objectives can range from science instrument, hardware demo or any commercial product for advertising purposes.  NASA may assist with system integration between your product and lunar lander/rover system. 10

11. Points of Contact For more information, please feel free to contact authors at NASA Ames Space Portal Office:  Allison Zuniga, 650-604-2017, allison.f.zuniga@nasa.govallison.f.zuniga@nasa.gov  Dan Rasky, 650-604-1098, daniel.j.rasky@nasa.govdaniel.j.rasky@nasa.gov 11