1. Zoning Land Use and Zoning City Planning Civil Engineering

2.  Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works like roads, bridges, canals, dams, and buildings.

3.  It is traditionally broken into several sub- disciplines including environmental engineering, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, transportation engineering, municipal or urban engineering, water resources engineering, surveying, and construction engineering. [6]

4.  Civil engineering takes place on all levels: in the public sector from municipal through to national governments, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies.

5. Cities  A city is a relatively large and permanent settlement.  Cities generally have complex systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing, and transportation.

6. Sanitation  Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with the hazards of wastes.  Hazards can be either physical, microbiological, biological or chemical agents of disease.

7. Utilities  A public utility (usually just utility) is an organization that maintains the infrastructure for a public service.  The term utilities can also refer to the set of services provided by these organizations consumed by the public: electricity, natural gas, water and sewage.

8. Housing  A house is a building or structure that has the ability to be occupied for habitation by humans or other creatures.  The term house includes many kinds of dwellings ranging from rudimentary huts of nomadic tribes to complex structures composed of many systems.

9. Transportation  Transport or transportation is the movement of people, animals and goods from one location to another.  Transport infrastructure consists of the fixed installations necessary for transport, and may be roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines.

10. City Planning  City planning has seen many different schemes for how a city should look.  The most commonly seen pattern is the grid, used for thousands of years in China.

11.  Derry begun in 1613, was the first planned city in Ireland, with the walls being completed five years later.  The central diamond within a walled city with four gates was thought to be a good design for defense.  The grid pattern was widely copied in the colonies of British North America.

12. Land Use Planning  Land-use planning is the term used for a branch of public policy encompassing various disciplines which seek to order and regulate land use in an efficient and ethical way, thus preventing land-use conflicts.

13. Types of Planning  Traditional or comprehensive planning: Common in the US after WWII, characterized by politically neutral experts with a rational view of the new urban development. Focused on producing clear statements about the form and content of new development.

14. Types of Planning  Systems planning: 1950s–1970s, resulting from the failure of comprehensive planning to deal with the unforeseen growth of post WWII America. More analytical view of the planning area as a set of complex processes, less interested in a physical plan.  Democratic planning: 1960s. Result of societal loosening of class and race barriers. Gave more citizens a voice in planning for future of community.  Advocacy and equity planning: 1960s & 70s. Strands of democratic planning that sought specifically to address social issues of inequality and injustice in community planning.

15. Zoning  The word is derived from the practice of designating permitted uses of land based on mapped zones which separate one set of land uses from another

17.  Zoning is used to prevent new development from interfering with existing residents or businesses and to preserve the "character" of a community. E.g. a casino being built next to a church.

18. Zoning  Zoning may include regulation of the kinds of activities which will be acceptable on particular lots (such as open space, residential, agricultural, commercial, or industrial

19.  The densities at which those activities can be performed (from low-density housing such as single family homes to high-density such as high-rise apartment buildings), the height of buildings, the amount of space structures may occupy, the location of a building on the lot (setbacks), the proportions of the types of space on a lot, such as how much landscaped space, impervious surface, traffic lanes, and whether or not parking is provided

20. Residential Zoning  A residential area is a land use in which housing predominates  Zoning for residential use may permit some services or work opportunities or may totally exclude business and industry

21. Residential Zones  Residential zoning can include Single Family Residences (SFR), Suburban Homestead (SH), or any number of other designation which cover homes, apartments, duplexes, trailer parks, co-ops, and condominiums.

22. Commercial Zoning  Neighborhood Commercial Grocery stores, banks, dry cleaners, and restaurants  Community Commercial Larger shopping centers, specialty shopping centers  Thoroughfare Commercial Individual multi-tenant commercial buildings, shopping centers, automobile services and sales, and fast-food restaurants  Downtown Commercial Core Strong pedestrian-oriented character, with a mixture and concentration of specialty shopping, personal service, restaurant, cultural, and entertainment uses

23. Industrial Zoning  Like commercial zoning, industrial zoning can be specific to the type of business. Environmental factors including noise concerns usually are issues in determining into which industrial level a business falls. Manufacturing plants and many storage facilities have industrial zoning

24. Agricultural Zoning  Agricultural zoning refers to designations made by local jurisdictions that are intended to protect farmland and farming activities from incompatible nonfarm uses.  Agricultural zoning can specify many factors, such as the uses allowed, minimum farm size, the number of nonfarm dwellings allowed, or the size of a buffer separating farm and nonfarm properties.

25. Zoned Community