1. Unit 12 Abnormal Behavior Myers’ Psychology for AP

2. Unit 12: Abnormal Behavior

3. Unit 12 - Overview Introduction to Psychological Disorders Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Posttraumatic Stress DisordersAnxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders Mood Disorders Schizophrenia Other Disorders Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

4. Module 65: Introduction to Psychological Disorders

6. Introduction How should we define psychological disorders? How should we understand disorders? How should we classify psychological disorders? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RfrueeBmfXo

7. Defining Psychological Disorders

8. Psychological disorders –a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. –Disturbed behavior –Dysfunctional behavior –Maladaptive behavior

9. Defining Psychological Disorders Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) –a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms; extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. –https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=xfo1tZ95Ypkhttps://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=xfo1tZ95Ypk

10. Understanding Psychological Disorders

11. Understanding Psychological Disorders The Medical Model Philippe Pinel Medical model –the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured often through treatment in a hospital. –Mental illness (psychopathology)

12. Understanding Psychological Disorders The Biopsychosocial Approach Interaction of nature and nurture Influence of culture on disorders

13. Classifying Psychological Disorders

14. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) –DSM-5DSM-5 the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders. Diagnostic labels Criticisms of the DSM

15. Labeling Psychological Disorders

16. Rosenhan’s study Power of labels –Preconception can stigmatize Stereotypes of the mentally ill Insanity

17. Rates of Psychological Disorders

20. Module 66: Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

22. Anxiety Disorders Anxiety disorder –psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety. –Generalized anxiety disorderGeneralized anxiety disorder –Panic disordersPanic disorders –PhobiasPhobias

23. Generalized Anxiety Disorder

24. Generalized anxiety disorder –an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. –2/3 women –Continual worry, jittery, agitated and sleep deprived –Free floating anxiety

25. Panic Disorder

26. Panic disorder –an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes- long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. Often followed by worry over a possible next attack. –Panic attacks

27. Phobias

28. Specific Phobia Phobias –an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation. –Specific phobia –Social anxiety disorderSocial anxiety disorder –AgoraphobiaAgoraphobia

29. Specific Phobia Social anxiety disorderSocial anxiety disorder –intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such. (Formerly called social phobia) Agoraphobia fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open spaces, where one has felt loss of control and panic.

30. Specific Phobia

31. Phobias

32. Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

33. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder –a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions). –An obsession versus a compulsion –Checkers –Hand washers

34. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

39. Trauma Stressor and Related Disorders

40. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Po st-traumatic stress disorderPo st-traumatic stress disorder –a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience. –PTSD –“shellshock” or “battle fatigue” –Not just due to a war situation Post-traumatic growth –positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises.

41. Understanding Anxiety Disorders, OCD and PTSD

42. Understanding Anxiety Disorders, OCD and PTSD The Learning Perspective Classical and operant conditioning –Stimulus generalization –Reinforcement Observational learning Cognition

43. Understanding Anxiety Disorders, OCD and PTSD The Biological Perspective Natural selection Genes –Anxiety gene –Glutamate The Brain –Anterior cingulate cortex

44. Module 67: Depressive and Bipolar Disorders

46. Mood Disorders –psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes.

47. Depressive Disorders

48. Major Depressive Disorder Major depressive disorder –a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood, or (2) lost of interest or pleasure. –Problems regulating appetite –Problems regulating sleep –Low energy –Low self-esteem –Difficulty concentrating and making decisions –Feelings of hopelessness Persistent depressive disorder

59. Bipolar and Related Disorders

60. Bipolar Disorder –a mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (formerly called manic-depressive disorder.) –Mania (manic)Mania –a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state. Overtalkative, overactive, elated, little need for sleep, etc. –Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder –Bipolar disorder and creativity

61. Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders

62. Many behavioral and cognitive changes accompany depression Depression is widespread Women’s risk of major depression is nearly double men’s Most major depressive episodes self-terminate Stressful events related to work, marriage and close relationships often proceed depression With each new generation, depression is striking earlier and affecting more people

63. Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders

64. Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders The Biological Perspective Genetic Influences –Mood disorders run in families Heritability Linkage analysis The depressed brain Biochemical influences –Norepinephrine and serotonin

65. Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders The Biological Perspective

69. Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders The Social-Cognitive Perspective Negative Thoughts and Moods Interact –Self-defeating beliefs Learned helplessness Rumination –compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes. –Explanatory style Stable, global, internal explanations –Cause versus indictor of depression?

80. Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders The Social-Cognitive Perspective: Depression’s Vicious Cycle

84. Module 68: Schizophrenia Spectrum

86. Symptoms of Schizophrenia

87. Schizophrenia (split mind)Schizophrenia –Not multiple personalities –Psychosis (psychotic disorder)Psychosis

88. Symptoms of Schizophrenia Disorganized Thinking and Disturbed Perceptions Disorganized thinking –DelusionsDelusions Delusions of persecution (paranoid) –Word Salad –HallucinationsHallucinations –Breakdown in selective attention

89. Symptoms of Schizophrenia Diminished and Inappropriate Emotions Inappropriate Emotions –Flat affect Inappropriate Actions –Catatonia –Disruptive social behavior

90. Onset and Development of Schizophrenia

91. Statistics on schizophrenia Onset of the disease Positive versus negative symptoms Chronic (process) schizophrenia Acute (reactive) schizophrenia

92. Understanding Schizophrenia

93. Understanding Schizophrenia Brain Abnormalities: Dopamine Overactivity Dopamine Overactivity –Dopamine – D4 dopamine receptor –Dopamine blocking drugs Glutamate

94. Understanding Schizophrenia Brain Abnormalities: Abnormal Brain Activity and Anatomy Abnormal Brain Activity and Anatomy –Frontal lobe and core brain activity –Fluid filled areas of the brain

95. Understanding Schizophrenia Brain Abnormalities: Maternal Virus During Midpregnancy Maternal Virus During Pregnancy –Studies on maternal activity and schizophrenia –Influence of the flu during pregnancy

96. Understanding Schizophrenia Genetic Factors Genetic predisposition Twin studies

97. Understanding Schizophrenia Psychological Factors Possible warning signs –Mother severely schizophrenic –Birth complications (low weight/oxygen deprivation) –Separation from parents –Short attention span –Disruptive or withdrawn behavior –Emotional unpredictability –Poor peer relations and solo play

98. Module 69: Other Disorders

100. Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

101. Somatic symptom disorder –Somatic (body) –Conversion disorderConversion disorder Functional neurological symptom disorder –Illness anxiety disorderIllness anxiety disorder Hypochondriasis

102. Dissociative Disorders

103. Dissociative disorders –Fugue state –Dissociate (become separated)

104. Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Identity Disorder Dissociative identity disorder (DID) –Multiple personality disorder

105. Dissociative Disorders Understanding Dissociative Identity Disorder Genuine disorder or not? DID rates Therapist’s creation Differences are too great DID and other disorders

106. Feeding and Eating Disorders

107. Eating disorders –Anorexia nervosaAnorexia nervosa –Bulimia nervosaBulimia nervosa –Binge -eating disorderBinge -eating disorder

108. Feeding and Eating Disorders –Anorexia nervosaAnorexia nervosa –an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly (15 percent or more) underweight. –Bulimia nervosaBulimia nervosa –an eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use), excessive exercise, or fasting. Binge-eating disorder significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa.

109. Personality Disorders

110. Personality disorders –Cluster A Schizoid personality disorder –Cluster B Histrionic personality disorder Narcissistic personality disorder Antisocial personality disorder –Cluster C Avoidant personality disorder

111. Personality Disorders Personality disorders –psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning. Antisocial personality disorderAntisocial personality disorder a personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

112. Personality Disorders Antisocial Personality Disorder Antisocial personality disorder –Sociopath or psychopath Understanding antisocial personality disorder

113. The End

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115. Teacher Information Unit Coding – Just as Myers’ Psychology for AP 2e is color coded to the College Board AP Psychology Course Description (Acorn Book) Units, so are these Powerpoints. The primary background color of each slide indicates the specific textbook unit. Psychology’s History and Approaches Research Methods Biological Bases of Behavior Sensation and Perception States of Consciousness Learning Cognition Motivation, Emotion, and Stress Developmental Psychology Personality Testing and Individual Differences Abnormal Psychology Treatment of Abnormal Behavior Social Psychology

116. Teacher Information Hyperlink Slides - This presentation contain two types of hyperlinks. Hyperlinks can be identified by the text being underlined and a different color (usually purple). – Unit subsections hyperlinks: Immediately after the unit title and module title slide, a page can be found listing all of the unit’s subsections. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of these hyperlinks will take the user directly to the beginning of that subsection. – Bold print term hyperlinks: Every bold print term from the unit is included in this presentation as a hyperlink. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of the hyperlinks will take the user to a slide containing the formal definition of the term. Clicking on the “arrow” in the bottom left corner of the definition slide will take the user back to the original point in the presentation. These hyperlinks were included for teachers who want students to see or copy down the exact definition as stated in the text. Most teachers prefer the definitions not be included to prevent students from only “copying down what is on the screen” and not actively listening to the presentation. For teachers who continually use the Bold Print Term Hyperlinks option, please contact the author using the email address on the next slide to learn a technique to expedite the returning to the original point in the presentation.

117. Teacher Information Continuity slides – Throughout this presentation there are slides, usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included for three purposes. By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and remember the concepts. By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation. To facilitate class discussion and critical thinking. Students should be encouraged to think about “what might come next” in the series of slides. Please feel free to contact me at kkorek@germantown.k12.wi.us with any questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations.kkorek@germantown.k12.wi.us Kent Korek Germantown High School Germantown, WI 53022 262-253-3400 kkorek@germantown.k12.wi.us

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121. Definition Slides

122. Psychological Disorder = a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior.

123. Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) = a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms; extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

124. Medical Model = the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured often through treatment in a hospital.

125. DSM-5 = the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

126. Anxiety Disorders = psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

127. Generalized Anxiety Disorder = an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

128. Panic Disorder = an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. Often followed by worry over a possible next attack.

129. Phobia = an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.

130. Social Anxiety Disorder = intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such. (Formerly called social phobia)

131. Agoraphobia = fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open spaces, where one has felt loss of control and panic.

132. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) = a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).

133. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) = a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.

134. Post-Traumatic Growth = positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises.

135. Mood Disorders = psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes.

136. Major Depressive Disorder = a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood, or (2) lost of interest or pleasure.

137. Mania = a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.

138. Bipolar Disorder = a mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (formerly called manic- depressive disorder.)

139. Rumination = compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes.

140. Schizophrenia = a group of severe disorders characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished or inappropriate emotional expression.

141. Psychosis = a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions.

142. Delusions = false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

143. Hallucinations = false sensory experience, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.

144. Somatic Symptom Disorder = psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause.

145. Conversion Disorder = a disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no psychological basis can be found. (Also called functional neurological symptom disorder)

146. Illness Anxiety Disorder = a disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of the disease. (Formerly called hypochondriasis)

147. Dissociative Disorders = disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.

148. Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) = a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder.

149. Anorexia Nervosa = an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly (15 percent or more) underweight.

150. Bulimia Nervosa = an eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating (usually of high- calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use), excessive exercise, or fasting.

151. Binge-Eating Disorder = significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa.

152. Personality Disorders = psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.

153. Antisocial Personality Disorder = a personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.