1. MARLENA HINKLE AICE Global Perspectives

2. “TO WHAT EXTENT DOES THE ONLINE DISINHIBITION OF CYBERBULLYING CREATE GREATER PSYCHOLOGICAL HARM THAN TRADITIONAL BULLYING?” Educational: Many school districts have established cyberbullying policies and programs to prevent this growing problem Political: Many court cases involving victims of cyberbully which has raised political concerns regarding whether there should be laws enforced to address this issue Psychological health: Cyberbullying is a leading health concern for adolescents and may lead to depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, and in the worse cases suicide

3. DEFINITION OF CYBERBULLYING Cyberbullying Potentially global virtual audience Anonymous Constant access to the victim No immediate reaction or visual feedback Use of technology Traditional bullying Known actual audience Face-to-face Immediate feedback Can include physical violence Imbalance of power Repetitive Intentional Aggressive Negative emotional impact

4. Marlena Hinkle AICE Global Perspectives “TO WHAT EXTENT DOES THE ONLINE DISINHIBITION OF CYBERBULLYING CREATE GREATER PSYCHOLOGICAL HARM THAN TRADITIONAL BULLYING?”

5. SONJA PERREN Credentials  Professor of in the department of Development of social skills and mental health at the University of Konstanz in Germany  PhD in Developmental Psychology at the University of Berne (Switzerland) Claim: Is Cyberbullying Worse than Traditional Bullying?  “Cyberbullying creates an increased potential for a large audience, an increased potential for anonymous bullying, lower levels of direct feedback, decreased time and space limits, and lower levels of supervision.”  “Bullying is perceived as worse if it is public and if it is anonymous.” Flaws  Hasty generalization  Outdated source  Appeal to Fear  Vague language

6. JULIAN DOOLEY Credentials  Associate director at the Sellenger Centre for Research in Law, Justice and Social Change at Edith Cowan University in Australia  PhD in cognitive science from the University of Melbourne in Australia  research is focused on the understanding the neural, psychological and social mechanisms behind aggression and the relationship between technology and behavior Claim: Cyberbullying versus Face-to-Face Bullying  The cyberbully does not have to “see the fear in a victim’s eyes and being less aware of the consequences reduces potential for empathy and remorse.”  “Unlike face-to face bullying, there is potentially no reprise from technology-based interactions as they can be received at any time of the day or night” Flaws  Appeal to pity  Rhetorical questions  Begging the Question

7. DAN OLWEUS Credentials  Research professor of psychology, affiliated with the Research Center for Health Promotion at the University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway  Author of the book Bullying at School: What We Know and What We Can Do  PhD in psychology from the University of Umeå, Sweden  conducted the first systematic intervention study against bullying in the world and developed the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program Claim: Cyberbullying: an overrated phenomenon?  “cyberbullying items function in roughly the same way as items on traditional bullying”  “being cyberbullied does not have much of an effect over and above the negative effects generated by traditional bullying” Flaws  Subjective appeal  Hasty generalization  Limited evidence

8. MARILYN A. CAMPBELL Credentials  Associate professor of developmental psychology at the Queensland University of Technology  Ph.D. and medical degree in psychology from the University of Queensland  Organized the 2012 National Center Against Bullying (NCAB) conference, “Social Media, Bullying and Vulnerability” Claim: Victims’ perception of traditional and cyberbullying and the psychosocial correlates of their victimization  “traditional bullying is harsher and crueler and had more impact on victims’ lives”  “power of the known actual peers may cause greater humiliation than an unknown, potential audience online” Flaws:  Lack of statistics  Vague language  Hasty generalization  Fallacy exclusion

9. RECONSTRUCTION Sonja Perren  The increased potential for anonymity and publicity create greater psychological harm for cyberbully victims Julian Dooley  Cyberbullying allows for a greater power imbalance which contributes to the increased psychological impact Dan Olweus  The possible negative effects of cyberbullying are greatly exaggerated and are of low- prevalence Marylin Campbell  The physicality and immediacy of traditional bullying, it is harsher and crueler than cyberbullying

10. EVALUATION  How differences in culture around the world affect the relation to bullying  Parent involvement with cyberbullying  How social media impacts cyberbullying  Increase awareness of cyberbullying amongst adolescents, parents, and teachers  Laws established to prevent cyberbullying and punish the cyberbully  Cyberbullying viewed as a new form of bullying and not related to traditional bullying  Different prevention and intervention strategies