1. Psychological Disorders zPsychological Disorder ybehavior which is judged to be: xAtypical not enough in itself xDisturbing varies with time & culture xMaladaptive harmful xUnjustifiable sometimes there’s a good reason

2. Historical Perspective zPerceived Causes ymovements of sun or moon xlunacy- full moon yevil spirits zAncient Treatments yexorcism, caged like animals, beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, blood replaced with animal’s blood

3. Psychological Disorders zBio-psycho-social Perspective yassumes that biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders Biological (Evolution, individual genes, brain structures and chemistry) Psychological (Stress, trauma, learned helplessness, mood-related perceptions and memories) Sociocultural (Roles, expectations, definition of normality and disorder)

4. Psychological Disorders zMedical Model yconcept that diseases have physical causes ycan be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured

5. Psychological Disorders- Etiology zDSM-IV, V… yAmerican Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) zWidely used system for classifying psychological disorders

6. Psychological Disorders- Etiology zNeurotic disorder (term seldom used now) yemphasizes distress, but that allows one to think rationally and function socially yFreud saw the neurotic disorders as ways of dealing with anxiety zPsychotic disorder yperson loses contact with reality yexperiences hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorder

7. Personality Disorders zPersonality Disorders yinflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning yusually without anxiety, depression, or delusions

8. Personality Disorders zAntisocial Personality Disorder yperson (usually man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing xeven toward friends and family members ymay be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

9. Personality Disorders zPET scans illustrate reduced activation in a murderer’s frontal cortex Normal Murderer

10. DSM Characteristics of Several Personality Disorders Paranoid: suspicious, argumentative, paranoid, continually on the lookout for trickery and abuse, jealous, tendency to blame others, cold and humorless Schizoid: has few friends; a "loner"; indifferent to praise and criticism of others; unable to form close relationships; no warm or tender feelings for other people Antisocial: breaks rules and laws; takes advantage of other people for personal gain; feels little remorse or guilt; appears friendly and charming on the surface; often intelligent Schizotypal: also aloof and indifferent like the schizoid; magical thinking; superstitious beliefs; uses unusual words and has peculiar ideas; a very mild form of schizophrenia Borderline: very unstable relationships; erratic emotions; self- damaging behavior; impulsive; unpredictable aggressive and sexual behavior; monophobia; easily angered Histrionic: overly dramatic; attention seekers; easily angered; seductive; dependent on others; vain, shallow, and manipulative; displays intense, but often false emotions Narcissistic: grandiose; crave admiration of others; extremely self-centered; feel they are privileged and special; expects favors from others; emotions are not erratic Obsessive-Compulsive: perfectionists; preoccupied with details, rules, schedules; more concerned about work than pleasure; serious and formal; cannot express tender feelings Passive-Aggressive: indirectly expresses anger by being forgetful and stubborn; procrastinates; cannot admit to feeling angry; habitually late Avoidant: Be easily hurt when people criticize or disapprove of them; hold back too much in intimate relationships; be reluctant to become involved with people, avoid activities or jobs that involve contact with others; be shy in social situations out of fear of doing something wrong; make potential difficulties seem worse than they are; hold the view they are not good socially, not as good as other people, or unappealing

11. Anxiety Disorders z What are some situations where people feel anxious? z When is anxiety normal? z When is it abnormal?

12. Rates of Psychological Disorders Percentage of Americans Who Have Ever Experienced Psychological Disorders Disorder White Black Hispanic Men Women Totals Ethnicity Gender Alcohol abuse or dependence 13.6% 13.8% 16.7% 23.8% 4.6% 13.8% Generalized anxiety 3.4 6.1 3.7 2.4 5.0 3.8 Phobia 9.7 23.4 12.2 10.4 17.7 14.3 Obsessive-compulsive disorder 2.6 2.3 1.8 2.0 3.0 2.6 Mood disorder 8.0 6.3 7.8 5.2 10.2 7.8 Schizophrenic disorder 1.4 2.1 0.8 1.2 1.7 1.5 Antisocial personality disorder 2.6 2.3 3.4 4.5 0.8 2.6

13. Anxiety Disorders zdistressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety zGeneralized Anxiety Disorder yperson is tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

14. Anxiety Disorders zObsessive-Compulsive Disorder ycharacterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions) yCompulsions manifest themselves in the following ways: xHoarding xChecking xCounting xCleaning

15. Anxiety Disorders Common Obsessions and Compulsions Among People With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Thought or BehaviorPercentage* Reporting Symptom Obsessions (repetitive thoughts) Concern with dirt, germs, or toxins 40 Something terrible happening (fire, death, illness) 40 Symmetry order, or exactness 24 Excessive hand washing, bathing, tooth brushing, 85 or grooming Compulsions (repetitive behaviors) Repeating rituals (in/out of a door, 51 up/down from a chair) Checking doors, locks, appliances, 46 car brake, homework

16. Anxiety Disorders zPET Scan of brain of person with Obsessive/ Compulsive disorder zHigh metabolic activity (red) in frontal lobe areas involved with directing attention OCD Normal

17. Anxiety Disorders zPanic Disorder ymarked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensation

18. Anxiety Disorders zPhobia ypersistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation

19. Phobias zAcrophobia: Heights zOphidiophobia: Snakes zAerophobia: Flying zArachnophobia: Spiders zOrnithophobia: Birds zAgoraphobia: Open spaces zAstraphobia: Lightning zMikrophobia: Germs zPhonophobia: Speaking aloud zBrontophobia: Thunder zTrichophobia: Hair zAnthropophobia: People zAquaphobia: Water zGephyrophobia: Bridges zHerpetophobia: Reptiles zAilurophobia: Cats zMurophobia: Mice zPyrophobia: Fire zClaustrophobia: Closed spaces zNumerophobia: Numbers zThanatophobia: Death zAnthophobia: Flowers zCynophobia: Dogs zNyctophobia: Darkness

20. Anxiety Disorders zCommon and uncommon fears Afraid of itBothers slightlyNot at all afraid of it Being closed in, in a small place Being alone In a house at night Percentage of people surveyed 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 SnakesBeing in high, exposed places MiceFlying on an airplane Spiders and insects Thunder and lightning DogsDriving a car Being In a crowd of people Cats

21. Mood Disorders zcharacterized by emotional extremes zMajor Depressive Disorder ya person, for no apparent reason, experiences: x two or more weeks of depressed moods xfeelings of worthlessness xdiminished interest or pleasure in most activities

22. Mood Disorders- Depression Percentage of population aged 18-84 experiencing major depression at some point In life 20 15 10 5 0 USA Edmonton Puerto Paris West Florence Beirut Taiwan Korea New Rico Germany Zealand

23. Mood Disorders- Depression 12-17 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75+ Age in Years 10% 8 6 4 2 0 Percentage depressed Females Males

24. Mood Disorders - Suicide 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-44 55-64 65-74 75-84 85+ Suicides per 100,000 people 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Males Females The higher suicide rate among men greatly increases in late adulthood

25. Mood Disorders- Suicide zIncreasing rates of teen suicide 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year 12% 10 8 6 4 2 0 Suicide rate, ages 15 to 19 (per 100,000)

26. Mood Disorders-Depression zAltering any one component of the chemistry- cognition-mood circuit can alter the others Brain chemistry Cognition Mood

27. Mood Disorders-Depression zThe vicious cycle of depression can be broken at any point 1 Stressful experiences 4 Cognitive and behavioral changes 2 Negative explanatory style 3 Depressed mood

28. Mood Disorders zManic Episode ya mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

29. Mood Disorders-Bipolar zBipolar Disorder yperson alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

30. Mood Disorders-Bipolar zPET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional swings Depressed stateManic stateDepressed state

31. Schizophrenia zSchizophrenia yliteral translation “split mind” ya group of severe disorders characterized by: xdisorganized and delusional thinking xdisturbed perceptions xinappropriate emotions and actions

32. Schizophrenia Subtypes of Schizophrenia Paranoid: Preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations Disorganized: Disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion Catatonic: Immobility (or excessive, purposeless movement), extreme negativism, and/or parrotlike repeating of another’s speech or movements Undifferentiated Schizophrenia symptoms without fitting one of the or residual: above types

33. Schizophrenia zDelusions yfalse beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders zHallucinations yfalse sensory experiences such as seeing something without any external visual stimulus

34. Schizophrenia Lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia for relatives of a schizophrenic 40 30 20 10 0 General population SiblingsChildrenFraternal twin Children of two schizophrenia victims Identical twin

35. Schizophrenia Art

36. Dissociative Disorders zconscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings – not from biological problem

37. Dissociative Disorders zDissociative Identity Disorder yrare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities yformerly called multiple personality disorder

38. Dissociative Disorders zDissociative Amnesia yThe inability to recall important personal events or information; is usually associated with stressful events zDissociative Fugue yA person suddenly and unexpectedly travels away from home or work and is unable to recall the past yA person may disappear and be found 200 miles from home. If not found, they could assume a new identity