1. ERA OF REVOLUTION AND CHANGE

2. CAUSES John Redmond speaking publically about Home Rule Birrell, who was in attendance, also spoke in support of a Home Rule movement which, he stressed, encompassed everyone: young men and maidens to farmers, labourers, merchants, shopkeepers, pupils, teachers, professors, students, priests. Unlike the Ulster unionists, he added, ‘Its direction is not civil war. It is not separation. It is union and it is friendship’. Birrell was the Chief Secretary for Ireland

3. OVERVIEW OF HOME RULE Bonar Law objection to Home Rule ‘corrupt bargain’ and vulnerability of unionists 1912 3 rd Home Rule Bill & held 84 seats in Westminster Union resistance emerged – Ulster Solemn League and Covenant 1912 (470,000 signatures) UVF – Carson and Craig IVF – Eoin MacNeill supported Home Rule Offered Home Rule within Home Rule 1914 Difficult position – Tyrone and Fermanagh

6. HRP 1914 Redmond takes over IVF -25 men to the Volunteer Provisional Committee (split) WW1 disrupted HR bill coming into effect in September (3rd August Britain declare war on Germany) Home Rule Bill (also known as the Government of Ireland Act passed 18th September but Asquith has avoided it coming into effect by passing the Suspensory Act. Redmond asked IVF to fight for Britain – Woodbridge speech 32, 000 but no Irish Brigade Intensive Recruitment but no conscription

10. By 1915 Redmond in a weakened position – Westminster, HR Bill and divisions in Ulster Coalition Govt – Redmond refused By 1916 – post Easter Rising, Redmond was undermined. No Irish parliament, the war wasn’t over, the North and sympathy for the Rising Success of the Sinn Fein Party in by elections February 1917 changed monopoly on political stance Redmond dies 1918 and James Dillon takes over Conscription was the nail in the coffin for the HRP as it showed moderate means were not working and that Westminster took no heed of Dillon. 1918 Home Rule Party lost to Sinn Fein in the general election (84 votes down to 6) HRP

11. Aim – to stop Home Rule Close links with Conservatives through land owning gentry 1910 Carson elected as leader Parliament Act and HRB alarmed Unionists Andrew Bonar Law – supporter of Unionists (Ulsterman) even though they held only 19 seats UVF –Richardson –grew in numbers and arms (1 million pounds, drills, Ulster league and Covenant 1912 (470,000) Partition – divided opinion Carson (Dublin) and Craig (believed in industry) guaranteed Antrim, Down, Armagh and Londonderry County Option as a solution (Lloyd George and Churchill) UNIONISM

14. Curragh Mutiny and Unionism Larne Gun Running 1914 25,000 rifles War and the Home Rule Bill Ulster Bridgade Carson becomes Attorney General of Coalition Govt. 1915 UNIONISM

16. Known as republicans or separatists Supreme Council Influence of Tom Clarke’s leadership Infiltrated Gaelic League and the IVF – MacDiarmada and Hobson Padraig Pearse came on board in 1913 because of unionist threat Problems with Redmond’s involvement in IVF. Clarke and MacDiarmada didn’t accept involvement from the Home Rule party Howth Gun Running 26 th July 1914 WW1 – IRB divided in leadership – opportunity versus majority rules Clarke, MacDiarmada, Plunkett, Ceannt, McDonagh and Pearse – rebellion Roger casement and the Aud IRB

17. Britain’s difficulty is Ireland’s opportunity!

18. THE ROLE OF THE IRB MacNeill was not planning a rebellion but extremists leaders like Tom Clarke and Sean McDermot saw this as a golden opportunity to stage a rebellion. They convinced Patrick Pearse to join them. He was a teacher and edited the Gaelic League’s newspaper. He became spokesman for the movement. Socialist James Connolly joined the movement when he realised it was a great opportunity to get rid of the British government.

22. GETTING HELP FROM GERMANY From the British point of you one of the worst parts of the Easter Rising was the Irish attempts to bring in guns from Germany. This was seen as treason of the highest kind. Roger Casement was responsible for bringing in arms on the German ship The Aud during Easter 1916. This was the signal for the fighting to start. This was all done in secret because the main leaders of the volunteers were opposed to armed rebellion.

23. THE BIG DECISION With their plans in ruins extremists had to decide whether to fight or not. They decided the must at least try and they sent word to volunteers to prepare. On Easter Monday about 1500 volunteers seized buildings around Dublin. They small number was due to MacNeill cancelling the orders. Leaders could only get word to those in Dublin. Most of them expected to be slaughtered.

27. THE PROCLAMATION Before the rising the leaders put together a Proclamation of Independence. This was similar to the American declaration of independence and outlined why Ireland should have its independence. Pearse read it aloud to the passing crowds from the steps of the GPO. Seven people signed the proclamation (signatories). Patrick Pearse, Joseph Plunkett, Sean MacDiarmada, Thomas MacDonagh, Thomas Clarke, Eamonn Ceant, James Connolly.

28. EASTER WEEK The English were taken by surprise. They concentrated their attack on the GPO. They brought a gunship (Helga) up the Liffey and shelled O’ Connell street. They reduced it to ruins. Ordinary Dublin citizens suffered terribly and over 300 were killed in the crossfire. By Thursday the GPO was on fire and the following day Pearse ordered the surrender.

32. EXECUTIONS With Prime Minister Asquith preoccupied with the war in Europe he gave the British Army free hand to deal with the rebels. They sentenced over 90 men and women to death. The executions began at once with Pearse, Clarke and MacDonagh among the first to die. Fifteen men were shot before Asquith decided to stop them.

34. REACTION Initially the people of Dublin had reacted negatively towards the rising. They goaded the rebels and threw food at them as they were led away. However they were appalled by the executions and soon began to support the rebels. Soon they were celebrating the rebels as heroes who had stood up to the brutal British.

35. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sqwt7r1Tizw

36. Post 1916 Who is involved? Sinn Fein IRB Home Rule

37. Hi, my name is Arthur Griffith. I was not in favour of the Rising at first. When I found out it was happening, I offered my services but Pearse told me to go home and work on propaganda. I was arrested but Lloyd George let me go in a conciliatory move towards Ireland. I believed in Dual Monarchy but realised Sinn Fein needed to win seats and then use the policy of abstention.

38. Hi, my name is Redmond and I am the leader of the Home Rule Party. After 1916, I lost power because I accepted a temporary partition. When I died, James Dillon took over and in the 1918 Election, the party who I had fought so hard to maintain only won 6 seats. This was due to our handling of conscription.

39. Hi, my name is de Valera. I fought in the 1916 Rising at Boland’s Mills. I was released that year and vowed to fight for the cause. I was popular in prison and some called me a natural speaker and leader. Sinn Fein elected me president of the group in the 1917 Ard Fheis. In 1918, we won 73 seats. On the 21 st of January 1919, our party declared the first Dail. Here I became President of the Dail

40. Hi, I’m Michael Collins. I was involved in the 1916 Rising fighting in the GPO. I was arrested but then later released. I went on help set up the 2 nd Sinn Fein becoming a member of the executive council. I was also Director of Intelligence for the IRB and then became Minister for Finance under the first Dail.

41. 3

42. THE FIRST DAIL 1st Dail – 21st Jan 1921 – Mansion House – 2hrs – 3main issues Reasserted 1916 declaration of Independence Set up a Cabinet – delegates for Paris Peace Conference Social and Economic Reform

44. THE FIRST DAIL German Plot 27 attended – de Valera elected President – in jail - Brugha acted on his behalf Dail to ignore British administration Read out all the names of elected TD’s including the Unionist Party Sean T O’ Kelly – sent to look for self-determination De Valera – President Cathal Brugha Minister for Defence Collins – Finance Cosgrave – Local Government Plunkett – Foreign Affairs Markievicz - Labour

45. Imagine you are a member of the first cabinet. What suggestions would you make in how you should run a country. What decisions would you need to make? WHAT WOULD YOU DO?

46. FIRST DAIL https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LKSFVQxybuo

47. DE VALERA IN AMERICA No support but 4 million dollars for the new Dail

48. THE DAIL GOVERNMENT No Experience running a government Threat of being arrested by British Government De Valera wanted the support of the US with regards to self determination but they would support him. Why? Sinn Fein rose in power and won lots of local elections. People supported them even though it meant giving up British grants. Collins raised money for arms, propaganda and the running of local offices. Arbitration courts set up with volunteers as police. Griffith realised they needed to set up a whole new legal and criminal system. They set up the Sinn Fein courts and also tried to replace RIC with an IRA force. They set up District courts (900 parishes), circuit courts and a Supreme court. Why was this important? ProblemsSuccesses

49. British introduced proportional representation to stop Sinn Fein winning every seat – local elections. Won 28/33 councils. Paris Peace Conference – Sean T O Kelly went to represent Ireland (they made valuable connections even though they were refused entry) SUCCESSES AND FAILURES

50. ACCIDENT OR PLANNED?? 1919,Dail meets for the first time Then.... 2 RIC Officers Killed!!!!

51. WAR OF INDEPENDENCE 1st shots – 21st Jan 1919 – Soloheadbeg – 2 RIC men killed – Dan Breen and Sean Treacy involved – same day as Dail met for first time 3rd Feb de Valera escapes – prisoners of German Plot released 1st April Dail met – boycott RIC – raise funds – set up Dail courts to replace British ones

53. REPERCUSSIONS Lloyd George I knew those IRA were a murder squad!!Sure they killed their own, two Catholics. I’ll get British police to handle the matter. They are the notorious Black and Tans!

54. BLACK AND TANS "If a police barracks is burned or if the barracks already occupied is not suitable, then the best house in the locality is to be commandeered, the occupants thrown into the gutter. Let them die there – the more the merrier.Should the order ("Hands Up") not be immediately obeyed, shoot and shoot with effect. If the persons approaching (a patrol) carry their hands in their pockets, or are in any way suspicious-looking, shoot them down. You may make mistakes occasionally and innocent persons may be shot, but that cannot be helped, and you are bound to get the right parties some time. The more you shoot, the better I will like you, and I assure you no policeman will get into trouble for shooting any man." Lt. Col. Smyth, June 1920

55. 1920

56. Guerrilla warfare – IRA using Flying Columns (battalions)– by summer of 1920 British authority becoming less effective Dail now aware only help from US will be financial will not supply guns or ammunition

58. CONFLICT IN AUTHORITY Dail and the Army Confusion ? Cathal Brugha – Minister of Defence Michael Collins – Minister of Finance and supposed to be under Brugha M Collins – Director of Intelligence of IRB and had control of IRA – conflict between 2 men From 1917, the IRA had begun plans for another waves of attacks. IRA set up Headquarters with Richard Mulcahy as Chief of staff

60. Squad – Collins assassins IRA against RIC RIC - demoralised - Why? IRA in Dublin (Squad) – British intelligence – G Division of DMP Collins had spy network Ordinary workers Double agents: - Broy and Kavanagh Squad to eliminate enemies of the Dail Ruthless measures –Alan Bell an elderly accountant THE SQUAD

61. The level of violence began slowly in 1919 but there were episodes, most to do with stealing arms. 1919 -19 RIC officers were killed. While the Dail condemned it at first, they launched a boycott of the RIC later that year. The RIC had lost its power as the officers were scared and conflicted. Many supported Sinn Fein but needed a job. The IRA had instilled much terror within them that many of them turned a blind eye or quit. MORE CONFUSION

62. Phase 2 – March 1920 – Dec 1920 1920 martial law declared + curfew By end of 1920 - 182 police + 50 soldiers shot RIC men resigning – shortage – Auxiliary Division + Black and Tans Thomas MacCurtain shot – General Macready – Sir Hamar Greenwood Chief Secretary WHAT IS NEEDED?

63. FINAL MONTHS OF THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE In November 1920, Collins ordered the assassination of British agents around the city, judging that if they did not do this, the IRA’s organisation in the capital would be in grave danger. The IRA was also of the opinion that a coordinated policy of assassination of leading republicans was being implemented by members of the security services. Most of the killings occurred within a small middle-class area of south inner-city Dublin, At 28 Upper Pembroke Street, four agents were killed. At 22 Lower Mount Street, one British officer was killed and another narrowly escaped. The building was surrounded by Auxiliaries, alerted by the firing, and in the ensuing gun fight two Auxiliaries were killed and one IRA man, Frank Teeling, was wounded and captured. Future Irish Taoiseach, Sean Lemass was involved in the killing of a Captain Bagely, also on Mount Street, while in two further incidents on the same street three more British agents were killed. Only a few streets away, further shootings took place on Baggot Street, Fitzwilliam Street, Morehampton Road and Earlsfort Terrace.

64. In all, 13 people were killed and 6 wounded, including suspected agents and those with no connection to politics, and two Auxilaries.

65. My one intention was the destruction of the undesirables who continued to make miserable the lives of ordinary decent citizens. I have proof enough to assure myself of the atrocities which this gang of spies and informers have committed. If I had a second motive it was no more than a feeling such as I would have for a dangerous reptile. By their destruction the very air is made sweeter. For myself, my conscience is clear. There is no crime in detecting in wartime the spy and the informer. They have destroyed without trial. I have paid them back in their own coin. Who said this?

66. I was assigned to 22 Lower Mount Street, where 2 enemy agents were located. One was Lieutenant McMahon, but I cannot remember the other mans name. Tom Keogh and myself from the Squad, with six others from “E” Company of the 2nd Battalion, proceeded to Lower Mount Street, at the appointed hour on the following morning,21st November. We knocked at the door and a maid admitted us. We left two men inside the door to see that nobody would enter or leave the house, and the remainder of us proceeded upstairs to two rooms, the numbers of which we had already ascertained. We had only just gone upstairs when heard shooting downstairs. The housekeeper or some other lady in the house had seen a patrol of Tans passing by outside, and had started to scream. The Tans immediately surrounded the house and tried to gain admission.One of our young men, Billy McClean, fired at them through the door and eased the situation for us for a little while, although he got wounded in the hand himself. I think the Tans fired first. We succeeded in shooting Lieutenant McMahon, but could not gain admission into the room where the other agent was sleeping. There was a second man in McMahon’s bed, but we did not shoot him as we had no instructions to do so. We discovered afterwards that he was an undesirable character as far as we were concerned, and that we should have shot him.

67. We went downstairs and tried to get out but found the British Forces at the front of the house. We went to the back of the house, and a member of “E” Co, Jim Dempsey, and myself got through by getting over a wall. We understood that the rest of our party were following us, but after going a little distance we found we were alone. What actually happened was that Teeling was the third man to scale the wall, and as he got up he was fired on from the house. We were all fired on, but Teeling was the only man who was hit. Teeling took cover in the garden.The other members of our party retired and got safely through the front door in the confusion. It was only hours afterwards that we discovered Teeling was wounded. Dempsey and myself went round by the South Circular Road, and got a wash – up in Goldens house, Victoria Street. We got home safely. Some time before the football match most of us met again, and it transpired that Teeling was on the missing list.

70. “Now, to put it in context with what happened on Bloody Sunday …On the morning of the match, on bloody Sunday, the massacre in mount street, when all the British secret service guys were all killed, shot in their beds, well the British were full sure… you see that match that day was between Tipperary and Dublin, and the British were firmly convinced that it was the Tipperary crowd that were after doing it, that business in Mount Street, which they didn’t, but they were fully convinced of it. But anyway, the father knew about it, naturally they heard about it. And he told the mother “You don’t go up to Croke Park today, there’s going to be trouble up there.” … My Mother often told me “ah sure you know the men …you know the men, the way they didn’t want their women there.” So anyway, the three of them went up to Croke Park and they sat on the side-lines, there used to be seats, a little bit away from the grass, and they sat there. The mother said the one thing she remembered about it, just before the ball was thrown in, an aeroplane appeared, you know as if that was a signal for something, just hovered around and disappeared. Anyway, the match started, and I don’t think it was even on ten minutes and then the black and tans came into CrokePark, and started shooting indiscriminately, you know. And they had to duck down on the sideline. That man from Tipperary, he was unfortunate, that man Hogan, he was actually playing that day on the Tipperary team, he was shot. He was the only one player that was shot. They were firing indiscriminately, and apart from that man Hogan there were 13 civilians killed, and some young lads amongst them.”

71. KILMICHAEL AMBUSH One week after Bloody Sunday. Collins instructed 6 IRA members led by Tom Barry to kill 17 RIC officers.

72. RETALIATION In response to this Black and Tans set fire to Cork City.

73. 1921 IRA were having difficulties with who was in charge. Sinn Fein were displeased with the emphasis on violence and knew that it hindered their political agenda. As the volunteers and the IRB had morphed into one, there was a lack of transparency as to where the order should be coming from. Certain groups were acting on their own. Because of the extent of their problems and the violence. Sinn Fein entered into talks with Lloyd George

74. Split!!! Collins: Guerrilla tactics, at the front line of the violence, charismatic figure Brugha: Wanted to face Britain full on. Romantic notion, wasn’t really at the frontline. De Valera came back from America and sided with Brugha