1. Chapter 3

2. Today’s Overview: Limiting factors Tolerance How ecosystems change over time – Primary Succession – Secondary succession – Pioneer species – Climax community – Off-field succession

3. Limiting Factor Anything that restricts the number of individuals in a population. Includes living and nonliving features of the ecosystem

4. Limiting factors include water, food, predators, temperature, etc.

5. Tolerance -Organisms survive best within their range of tolerance – Tolerance: the ability of an organism to withstand fluctuations in biotic and abiotic environmental factors

6. -Succession: the gradual process of change and replacement of the types of species in an ecosystem -Primary succession: occurs on a surface where no ecosystem existed before How Ecosystems Change Over Time:

7. 5.3: How Ecosystems Change -Ecological succession: the gradual process of change and replacement of the types of species in a community -Primary succession: a type of succession that occurs on a surface where no ecosystem existed before

8. -Succession: the gradual process of change and replacement of the types of species in an ecosystem -Primary succession: occurs on a surface where no ecosystem existed before How Ecosystems Change Over Time: -Secondary succession: occurs on a surface where an ecosystem has previously existed -Occurs in ecosystems that have been disturbed or disrupted by humans, animals, or natural processes

9. -Secondary succession: occurs on a surface where an ecosystem has previously existed -Occurs in ecosystems that have been disturbed or disrupted by humans, animals, or national processes -Pioneer species: the first organisms to colonize any newly available area and begin the process of ecological succession Fireweed: colonizes land after it has been burned by fire

10. -Secondary succession: occurs on a surface where an ecosystem has previously existed -Occurs in ecosystems that have been disturbed or disrupted by humans, animals, or national processes -Pioneer species: the first organisms to colonize any newly available area and begin the process of ecological succession -Climax community: a final and stable community -Secondary succession can be a good thing especially when an area is cleared out by natural fires

11. -Secondary succession: occurs on a surface where an ecosystem has previously existed -Occurs in ecosystems that have been disturbed or disrupted by humans, animals, or national processes -Pioneer species: the first organisms to colonize any newly available area and begin the process of ecological succession -Climax community: a final and stable community

12. -Secondary succession: occurs on a surface where an ecosystem has previously existed -Occurs in ecosystems that have been disturbed or disrupted by humans, animals, or national processes -Pioneer species: the first organisms to colonize any newly available area and begin the process of ecological succession -Climax community: a final and stable community -Secondary succession can be a good thing especially when an area is cleared out by natural fires -Off-field succession: occurs when farmland is abandoned

13. Today’s Overview: Limiting factors Tolerance How ecosystems change over time – Primary Succession – Secondary succession – Pioneer species – Climax community – Off-field succession

14. Section 3.2: Biomes What is a biome? Biome: A group of ecosystems with the same climax communities.

15. Section 3.2: Biomes 6.1: What is a biome? Biome: A group of ecosystems with the same climax communities. -Biomes are classified according to: -Predominant vegetation -Adaptations of organisms to that particular environment -Climate

20. Biomes and vegetation: -The type of plants that grow in an area determine the type of organisms that can live there -Adaptations found in plants of a certain biome are indicative of the characteristics of that biome Ex. Plants in the desert vs. plants in rainforests

21. Biomes have specific climates. -Climate: the weather conditions in an area over a long period of time -The climate of a biome is determined by its temperature and precipitation

22. Latitude and altitude are what cause biomes to differ in climate and vegetation -Latitude: the distance north or south of the equator

23. Latitude and Altitude Latitude and altitude are what causes biomes to differ in climate and vegetation -Latitude: the distance north or south of the equator -Altitude: the height of an object above sea level

24. Biome Booklet Printer paper Colored pencils Directions: -One page per biome -Each page must have: 1. Name of biome 2. Best definition 3. Location 4. Three interesting facts 5. Illustration Estuary Tundra Taiga Desert Grassland Deciduous forest Tropical rain forest

25. Tropical Rain Forest Located near the Earth’s equator Humid, warm, receive 200-450 cm of rain/year Wide variety of plants and animals Many layers of plant communities

26. Temperate Forest Lots of precipitation but moderate temperatures Shrubs, ferns, and pines are typically found here Rarely freezes because nearby ocean waters keep moderate winds blowing through the forest Example: Pacific northwest

27. Temperate Deciduous Forest Trees drop leaves each fall Frequent in North America Dominate vast regions of the earth Thrives in a vast range of temperatures Deciduous forest floor receives more light, allowing for the growth of ferns and shrubs close to the ground

28. Taiga The northern coniferous forest Long winters, average temperatures are extremely low Extremely short growing season Found above 30 deg. N Confers are frequent

29. Savannas Located near the equator (across Africa and South America) Marked by a rain and dry season Migratory animals found here

30. Temperate Grassland Dominated by prairie grasses and has very few trees Harsh, dry Very fertile soil Found across the Midwestern US and throughout China

31. Chaparral Dominated by broad- leafed evergreen shrubs Example: California Hills Plants include low- lying, evergreen shrubs and small trees that grow in patches

32. Desert Receives less than 25cm of precipitation per year Two types: Hot deserts (Sonoran Desert) and cold deserts (Gobi Desert) Plants have adaptations for conserving water Most animals are nocturnal

33. Tundra Located primarily north of the Arctic Circle Layer of permafrost (permanently frozen soil) is found underneath the topsoil Dominated by mosses and lichens (which don’t require much soil)