1. Overview Measurement Theories –Psychoanalytic –Trait –Humanistic –Social-Cognitive –Others

2. Objectives Describe what is meant by personality and explain how Freud’s treatment of psychological disorders led to his study of the unconscious Describe personality structure in terms of the interactions of the id, ego, and superego Identify Freud’s psychosexual stages of development and describe the effects of fixation on behavior Explain how defense mechanisms protect the individual from anxiety Explain how projective tests are used to assess personality Discuss the contributions of the neo-Freudians and describe the strengths and weaknesses of Freud’s ideas

3. Discuss psychologists’ descriptions of personality in terms of types and traits Explain how personality inventories are used to assess traits and discuss research regarding the consistency of behavior over time and across situations Describe the humanistic perspective on personality in terms of Maslow’s focus on self- actualization and Rogers’ emphasis on people’s potential for growth Describe the humanistic psychologists’ approach to personality assessment and discuss the benefits and liabilities of self-esteem and self-serving bias Describe the impact of individualism and collectivism on self-identity and social relations

4. Discuss the criticisms of the humanistic perspective Describe the social-cognitive perspective on personality and explain reciprocal determinism Discuss the important consequences of personal control, learned helplessness, and optimism Describe how social-cognitive researchers assess behavior in realistic situations and evaluate the social-cognitive perspective on personality

5. Overview Unique attitudes, behaviors, and emotions that characterize a person Enduring traits or characteristics Each perspective explains personality differently Remain stable over time?

6. Personality Difficult to define and measure Enduring traits or characteristics Unique attitudes, behaviors, and emotions Type A, Type B Don’t always fit into one Refer back to flip chart from Regular Psych to review

7. CHART recommended PERSPECTIVEPERSONALITYDISORDERTREATMENT Psychoanalytic / Psychodynamic Humanistic Behavioral Cognitive Neurobiological Sociocultural Evolutionary / Other

8. Assessment Projective used by psychoanalysts use to reflect unconscious thoughts –Rorschach Inkblot –TAT Self-report Inventories used by many –MMPI Observations, ratings, tests Barnum effect fit self into vague description

9. Psychoanalytic Theory Freud’s Stage Theory – believed sexual urges were determinant of personality Childhood established personality –Oral –Anal (anal expulsive / retentive) –Phallic Oedipus / castration anxiety Electra / penis envy –Latency –Adult genital Fixation from under/over gratification Libido, id, ego, superego, eros, thantos Free association Psychoanalysis Unconscious (not sub for Freud), preconscious

10. Defense Mechanisms to protect conscious mind Repression – pushing thoughts out Denial – not accepting truth Displacement – redirecting to another person or object Projection – feelings held are actually at another Reaction formation – expressing opposite Regression – returning to earlier form of behavior Rationalization – coming up with beneficial result Intellectualization – an academic, unemotional study of a topic Sublimation – channeling frustration toward a different goal; seen as healthy

11. Muffy & Biff break up, Alvin is new love for Muffy “Who Muffy? Haven’t thought about her” Biff still acts as if they are together, calls every night Biff gets mad at his pet hamster Biff insists Muffy still cares for him Biff claims he can’t stand Muffy Biff begins to sleep with his favorite stuffed animal “I can find a better girlfriend, she wasn’t that great” Biff researches failed teen romances Biff writes poetry and gets published

12. Continued… Assess through projective tests Criticisms –Little (empirical) evidence to support –Able to interpret both reactions –Little prediction –Overestimating childhood and sex –Feminism – womb envy Impact –Culture –Popularity –Terms –Role in arts

13. Psychodynamic Theory Jung –Personal unconscious (complexes) –Collective unconscious (archetypes) Adler –Fear of failure (inferiority) –Birth order Neo-Freudian

14. Trait Theories undermine importance of situation characteristics are stable use factor analysis Eyesenck –Introversion-extraversion Cattell –16 PF (factor) test Big 5 Allport –Cardinal dispositions

15. Biological Theories Genes, chemicals, body types Temperament Hippocrates and 4 humors Somatotype (endo/meso/ecto morphs) –correlation

16. Behaviorist Theories Behavior is personality, and term personality is meaningless Determined by environment

17. Humanistic Free will (not determinism) – people are good Maslow - hierarchy –Self-actualization –Unconditional positive regard (acceptance, no matter what) Rogers –Person-centered –Unconditional positive regard –Self-concept & self-esteem –Self-serving bias

18. Social-Cognitive Theories Patterns of thought External events and how we interpret them Bandura –Reciprocal determinism –3 parts interacting –Self-efficacy (high are optimistic about abilities) Kelly –Personal-construct and fundamental postulate Rotter –Locus of control (internal – individual responsible)