1. GENDER – COG vs SLT KNOWLEDGELEARNINGQUESTION ANALYSIS PLANNINGWRITING Gender Cognitive SLT e.g. Peer and Self- assessment and target setting, Tracking and Rewriting 4 mark questions 10 mark questions C & C Application to an example Writing enough expansion and explanation in 2-4 mark qs.

2. Cognitive theory Emphasises environmental factors Thinking, understanding and problem solving not just observation & imitation Developmental perspective – gender thinking changes over time

3. Accommodation Child adjusts gender schemas so that new experiences fit in properly Understanding of gender gets more complex Gender Schemas Assimilation Child tries to fit new experiences into existing gender schemas Experiences that don’t fit may be distorted until they do, or ignored altogether

4. Cognition and gender Labelling ‘Girl’ Self perception ‘I’m a girl.’ Organisation ‘What do girls do?’ Motivation ‘I like doing girl things because I’m a girl!’

5. Kohlberg’s stage theory Gender identity (about 2 years) – Ability to correctly label self Gender stability (about 4 years) – Recognition that own gender will not change Gender constancy (by 7 years) – Recognition that gender is independent of clothing/hair etc.

6. Exploring gender concepts Are you a boy or a girl? When you were a baby, were you a boy/girl? When you grow up, will you be a mum or a dad? If you wore (e.g. a dress) would you be a girl?

7. Studies of cognition and gender Cordua et al (1979) Bauer (1993) Damon (1977) Slaby & Frey (1975)

8. Evaluate the Cognitive Developmental approach to gender Strengths and limitations of Kohlberg’s theory. Supporting Evidence? – For the stage theory and the idea of children’s understanding of gender increasing and becoming more complex with age. Explanatory power? – Can it explain all the research findings? Do other approaches offer a better explanation?

9. Slaby & Frey (1975), Bauer (1991) and Boston & Levy (1993) all found that boys are more likely to pay attention to same sex models than girls are. Does this support the cognitive view or present a problem for it?

10. The cognitive approach… Can explain… Why children are selective about the gender models they select and the gender behaviours the imitate Why children make predictable mistakes about gender Can’t explain… Why boys have more rigid gender ideas and behaviour than girls Why children show gendered toy and peer preferences before they can label their sex

11. Exam questions Briefly discuss one study in which gender schema theory was investigated (3) Jan 2011

12. June 2011 Sally and Ashley are 4 years old. They are looking at a book together. Ashley points to a picture of a girl sawing a piece of wood. Sally says: “Girls don’t saw wood. That would make them a boy. Girls only play with dolls.” With reference to Kohlberg’s stage theory of gender constancy, explain Sally’s comments (2)

13. Researchers investigating Kohlberg’s three stages of gender development often categorise children as being in a specific stage. Briefly explain ONE methodological problem that might arise when categorising children as being in a specific stage of gender development (2)

14. June 2010 How have psychologists investigated gender schema? (3)

15. Social learning & gender Attention Encoding ImitationMotivation Child attends to a gender role model They learn gender- relevant behaviour They practice the behaviour themselves They may imitate if reinforcement is available

16. Gender role models Parents/carers Siblings Peers TV, films, magazines, Internet Educational materials

17. A bad role model? Perceived similarity Attractiveness & likeability Status Consequences of behaviour Observer’s self esteem

18. Is SLT a good explanation of gender? Fagot (1985); Dweck et al (1978) Williams et al (1986) Bandura et al (1961; 1963) Cross-cultural studies (e.g. Mead, 1935)

19. SLTBothCognitive What can each theory explain?

20. Evaluative statements One advantage of the cognitive theory of gender over the social learning theory is… One advantage of the social learning theory of gender over the cognitive theory is… One problem with both theories is…

21. Past question – May 2009 Briefly describe the social learning theory explanation of gender development (3) Explain one limitation of the social learning theory explanation of gender development. (2)

22. Homework May 2011 Describe and Evaluate the social learning theory approach in Psychology. Refer to evidence in your answer.