1. Presentation -ing Forms as Nouns or as Part of Noun Phrase:  Look at these sentences - Choosing a career is not easy. - There are lucky individuals who keep jumping from one job into another. - There is no shame in taking a job we like. As you can see, these forms are used as nouns or as parts of a noun phrase. In (1) choosing a career is the subject of the sentence. In (2) jumping from one job into another is the object of the verb keep and in (3) taking a job we like is the object of the preposition.

2. Activity (1)  Underline the phrases in which – ing forms occur and show their function as in the first two examples: - Walking is a good exercise. (subject) - She is proud of working as a secretary. (object of preposition) - Sameer is interested in taking that job. - He enjoys working on a car engines. - The nurse is used to working night shifts. - Playing a plane requires a lot of courage and training.

3. It I + Adjective + Infinitive  Look at these examples - It is essential to realize that there is no shame in taking a job we like and can do. - It is important to point out the fact that a person needn’t be bound to the subject he studied.  Note that the infinitive (to+ verb) is used after the adjectives essential and important in this construction. Note also that the subject it refers to and has the same meaning as the infinitive phrase which after the adjective. It is possible therefore to replace it by a subject – ing form. Here are some examples: -It is not always easy to choose a job Choosing a job is not always easy. -It is impolite to speak to a lady like that. Speaking to a lady like that is impolite. -It is often hard to work in a mine. Working in a mine is often hard.

4. Activity (2) Re- write the following sentences using either (It is + adjective + inf.) or the (- ing form) as in the previous examples. Keep the same meaning. - Finding a job is difficult these days. - Mastering the skills of any vocation is possible. - It is necessary to learn another vocation. - It is not always useful to change careers. - To be computer programmer is exciting for her. -Turning down a job that you need is wrong.

5. Relative Clauses A relative clause begins with a relative pronoun - who(m), which, that whose. Also, a defining clause (def.) tells us which person or thing the speaker means, whereas a non-defining clause imparts extra information about the person or thing (i.e. it doesn’t define or restrict the noun).  Consider the following examples: -The man who (that) lives next door is a journalist. (def.) -The job which (that) I turned down is hard and dirty. (def.) -My uncle, who is 70 years old, is a businessman. (non-def.) -Salma, whose mother is a secretary, is a good typist. (non-def.) -The house in which I live is spacious. (def.)

6.  Note that you learnt that who (m) is used for persons, which for things and animals, and that for both persons and things. That is not used in non- defining clause or after prepositions. Thus that is not possible in (3), (4) and (5).