2. What is a Mineral? A naturally-occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and a crystal structure A naturally-occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and a crystal structure Galena

3. What do all minerals have in common? All have 5 common features: 1. Naturally occurring -- formed by natural processes in the Earth 2. Inorganic -- not alive and never were alive 3. Solid -- Have a definite volume and shape 4. Definite chemical composition -- are elements or compounds with a unique chemical makeup 5. Crystalline -- made up of particles that are arranged in a pattern that is repeated over and over

4. Geology Kitchen – What is a Mineral? Geology Kitchen – What is a Mineral? Geology Kitchen – What is a Mineral? Geology Kitchen – What is a Mineral?

5. “Mineral” or “Not a Mineral” Ice, H 2 O ? Liquid H 2 O ? Mineral

6. Pearls? “Mineral” or “Not a Mineral”

7. What are the 5 characteristics of all minerals? What are the 5 characteristics of all minerals?

8. Combining Elements to Form Minerals

9. A mineral is made up of one or more elements

10. NaCl - sodium chloride Halite CaCO 3- calcium carbonate Calcite FeS 2 – iron sulfide Pyrite

11. Different elements can change a mineral’s color and properties. Ruby and Sapphire are both forms of Corundum Al 2 O 3 Ruby - Sapphire - corundum with chromium corundum with iron and titanium

12. Quartz has a profusion of colors, patterns and optical effects unsurpassed by any other crystal! colorless is rock crystal colorless is rock crystal purple quartz is amethyst purple quartz is amethyst yellow is citrine brown is smoky quartz yellow is citrine brown is smoky quartz pink is rose quartz pink is rose quartz black is morion black is morion

13. Crystals

14. Ionic Bonding in Crystals

15. Crystal Lattice = the arrangement of atoms in a regular, repeating pattern to create the crystal shape

16. Salt – Sodium & Chlorine Atoms Basic element of the pattern Crystal = repeating pattern: Linear pattern (1-dimensional) Stacking the pattern

17. Crystal Shapes

18. Tetragonal -- Apohyllite Orthorhombic Golden Topaz Monoclinic -- Gypsum Triclinic Hexagonal Sapphire Isometric - Halite (salt)

19. The 6 basic shapes can all be modified by cutting the corners and edges. The 6 basic shapes can all be modified by cutting the corners and edges. Here is just the first one, the isometric crystal shape, that is modified in different ways. Here is just the first one, the isometric crystal shape, that is modified in different ways. Basic Isometric Shape

20. Common Gem Cuts

21. What Makes a Mineral a Gem? Graphite or Diamond? Graphite or Diamond?

22. Diamond is made of carbon Diamond is made of carbon Graphite “ “ “ “ Graphite “ “ “ “ Coal “ “ “ “ Coal “ “ “ “ Charcoal “ “ “ “ Charcoal “ “ “ “ Fossil Fuels are “ “ “ Fossil Fuels are “ “ “ Diamond Graphite

23. What Makes a Mineral a Gem? Gemstones = beautiful, rare, durable Fluorite – gem or not gem? Fluorite – gem or not gem? www.mineralgalleries.com/fluorite

24. Birthstones, © 2000 Gemological Institute of America, (GIA) Garnet Ruby Amethyst Aquamarine Diamond Emerald Pearl Peridot Sapphire Opal Topaz Turquoise Birthstones- Gem names

25. Birthstones, © 2000 Gemological Institute of America, (GIA) Garnet Corrundum Quartz Beryl Diamond Beryl Pearl Olivine Corrundum Amorphous quartz Al-F silicate Hydrous copper phosphate Birthstones- The real names!

26. 1.What element are diamonds made from? 2. What do all crystals have in common?

27. Groups of Minerals Minerals are grouped by the elements they are made of. Minerals are grouped by the elements they are made of. Amethyst Beryl (Emerald) Calcite

28. Mineral Group CharacteristicsExamples Silicates Contain oxygen & silica Contain oxygen & silica The most abundant group of minerals The most abundant group of minerals Quartz; Mica; Feldspar = the most common silicate in the crust Mica Quartz Feldspar

29. Mineral Group CharacteristicsExamples Non-Silicates Make up only 5% of the Earth’s crust Make up only 5% of the Earth’s crust Include some of the most important minerals Include some of the most important minerals Calcite, Halite, Iron, Copper, Gold, Silver, Diamonds, Rubies Gold Ruby Iron Copper Diamond Silver Halite Calcite

30. Mineral Group CharacteristicsExamples Native Elements  Single elements Gold (Au), Diamond (C), Silver (Ag)

31. Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral) Color Can be misleading Can be misleading Can vary with the type of impurities Can vary with the type of impurities

32. Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral) Luster Surface reflection Surface reflection metallic = shiny like metal metallic = shiny like metal non-metallic = dull, non-shiny surface non-metallic = dull, non-shiny surface Pyrite has a metallic luster Calcite has a non-metallic luster

33. Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral) Streak The color of the powdered form of the mineral The color of the powdered form of the mineral The color of the streak can be different than the mineral The color of the streak can be different than the mineral Minerals must be softer than the streak plate Minerals must be softer than the streak plate

34. Streak…can help identify quartz http://www.childrensmuseum.org/geomysteries/cube/b3.html

35. Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral) Hardness How easily a mineral scratches materials How easily a mineral scratches materials Mohs Hardness Scale Mohs Hardness Scale Scale from 1 (softest) to 10 (hardest) Scale from 1 (softest) to 10 (hardest) Test by seeing if the mineral can scratch different objects (like human fingernail, copper, penny, glass, steel file) Test by seeing if the mineral can scratch different objects (like human fingernail, copper, penny, glass, steel file)

36. Find out more… “Electronic” Hardness Test “Electronic” Hardness Test http://www.childrensmuseum.org/geomy steries/cube/b2.html http://www.childrensmuseum.org/geomy steries/cube/b2.html

37. Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral) Cleavage & Fracture The way the mineral breaks The way the mineral breaks Cleavage—minerals break along smooth, flat surfaces and every fragment has the same general shape Cleavage—minerals break along smooth, flat surfaces and every fragment has the same general shape Fracture—minerals that break at random with rough or jagged edges Fracture—minerals that break at random with rough or jagged edges

39. Cleavage or Fracture? 1. 4. 3. 2.

40. Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral) Other Properties Specific gravity (*excellent clue to mineral’s identity) Specific gravity (*excellent clue to mineral’s identity) Attraction to magnets Attraction to magnets Bending of light Bending of light Reaction with hydrochloric acid Reaction with hydrochloric acid Smell & taste Smell & taste http://www.childrensmuseum.org/geomysteries/cube/b4.html

41. Watch Brainpop—“Mineral Identification” 1. If a mineral can scratch your fingernail, the mineral is _______________ than your fingernail. 2. What is luster?

42. Watch Classifying Minerals Clip Classifying Minerals Classifying Minerals

43. How do minerals form? All form from Crystallization = when particles dissolved in a liquid or a melt turn to a solid, forming crystals All form from Crystallization = when particles dissolved in a liquid or a melt turn to a solid, forming crystals

44. How do minerals form? Cool Solutions: When the water evaporates, the solids that are left crystallize. Ex.: Halite (salt) Cool Solutions: When the water evaporates, the solids that are left crystallize. Ex.: Halite (salt) Hot Solutions: Water on Earth’s surface flows through cracks in the crust into deep, hot environments, carrying solids that eventually form minerals deep in the ground. Ex.: Gold Hot Solutions: Water on Earth’s surface flows through cracks in the crust into deep, hot environments, carrying solids that eventually form minerals deep in the ground. Ex.: Gold

45. Cooling of magma (hot, liquid rock and minerals in the mantle) Slow Cooling inside Earth Large Crystals Fast Cooling inside Earth Small Crystals Cooling of magma (hot, liquid rock and minerals in the mantle) Slow Cooling inside Earth Large Crystals Fast Cooling inside Earth Small Crystals How do minerals form?

46. What is the most abundant element in the Earth’s crust? 8 elements make up 98.6 % of the Earth’s crust. Elementsymbol Oxygen Silicon Aluminum Iron Calcium Sodium Potassium Magnesium O Si Al Fe Ca Na K Mg The building blocks of minerals