1. Computer Hardware & Operation Northern College Diploma Philip Bird

2. Computer Hardware & Operation Philip Bird Bits and Bytes Computers work with on’s and off’s – Binary digital values 0 and 1. Binary digits (bits) are usually organised into groups of 8 – a byte. We can use a byte to represent a whole number (integer), a fraction (real) and a character. We can also represent negative numbers.

3. Computer Hardware & Operation Philip Bird Converting to Binary Base 4 Base 3 Base 2 Base 1 Base 0 100001000100101Decimal 168421Binary

4. Computer Hardware & Operation Philip Bird Converting from Binary 168421 01101= 13 10110= 22

5. Computer Hardware & Operation Philip Bird Binary Addition 1286432168421 01100110=102 01110101=117 11 1 1010 1 1 1 1=219

6. Computer Hardware & Operation Philip Bird Storing Characters 1286432168421 01000001=65 ‘A’ 01100001=97 ‘a’ 00101011=43 ‘+’

7. Computer Hardware & Operation Philip Bird Storing Negative Numbers -1286432168421 00100110=38 10100110=-90 01111111=127 10000000=-128

8. Computer Hardware & Operation Philip Bird Storing Fractions 1/21/41/81/161/32 11010=13/16 10111=23/32

9. Computer Hardware & Operation Philip Bird Logic Gates Used to process the binary digits. Originally made as valves, then transistors then integrated into circuits on a chip. History of smaller, faster, denser, cheaper. Each gate governed by a rule.

10. Computer Hardware & Operation Philip Bird NOT Gate NOT Rule: The output is the opposite of the input. InOut 01 10 0 1 10

11. Computer Hardware & Operation Philip Bird 001001 111111 AND Gate AND Rule: The output is 1 if all the inputs are 1. In1In2Out 000 010 100 111 000000

12. Computer Hardware & Operation Philip Bird 011011 111111 000000 OR Gate OR Rule: The output is 1 if any of the inputs are 1. In1In2Out 000 011 101 111

13. Computer Hardware & Operation Philip Bird 101101 000000 011011 XOR Gate XOR Rule: The output is 1 if either of the inputs are 1 but not both. In1In2Out 000 011 101 110