1. COST AND REVENUES

2. COSTS VS REVENUES Cost is the money spent for the inputs used (e.g., labor, raw materials, transportation, energy) in producing a good or service. Revenue is the income generated by the sale of goods and services (price X quantity). Price is the amount consumers pay for a good or service. Profit = Total Revenue – Total Cost

3. WHAT HAPPENS WHEN COSTS INCREASE? When costs of inputs rise, (a) profits will fall and/or (b) the price of the good or service will be increased and sales may decrease. (For example, when the cost of lumber goes up, homebuilder profits will fall or the price of house will go up.)

4. WHAT HAPPENS WHEN COSTS DECREASE? When costs decrease through a reduction in the cost of inputs (a) profits can increase or (b) the price of the good or service can be decreased and sales may increase. (For example, when the cost of lumber decreases, homebuilder profits will increase and/or the price of house will decrease.)

5. SUPPLY Supply refers to the quantity of a good or service that will be brought to market at every price at a given time. When cost of production rises, supply will decrease; when cost of production decreases, supply will increase.

6. PRODUCTIVITY

7. WHAT IS PRODUCTIVITY? Productivity refers to output per worker. Productivity is measured by dividing output (goods and services) by the number of inputs used to produce the output. Example: Some students get all their work done during flex block and have no homework. They are much more productive than students who just stare at the book.

8. WHAT HAPPENS WHEN PRODUCTIVITY INCREASES? An increase in productivity occurs when the same output can be produced with fewer resources. Since fewer resources are used, costs of production are reduced. For example, when Henry Ford introduced the assembly line, care could be built with many fewer man-hours, and increase in productivity. Because less was spent on labor, the cost of production went down, the price of cars went down, and more cars were sold.

9. WHAT IS GDP? Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is a basic measure of a nation’s economic output and income. It is the total market value, measured in dollars, of all final goods and services produced in the economy in one year. Economic growth is a sustained rise in a nation’s production of goods and services. Economic growth is measured by real Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

10. REAL GDP Real GDP per capita is the measure most often used to measure standard of living. Real GDP per capita is calculated by dividing a nation’s real GDP by its population. It is what each person’s share would be if the total output of a country was dividing equally among its citizens. An increase in real GDP over time indicates economic growth, which means the nation is producing more goods and services than the year before. A decrease in real GDP over time indicates economic contraction.

11. ECONOMIC GROWTH As the productivity of labor improves, an economy grows, real GDP per capita increases, and standard of living rises. Economic growth has been the vehicle for alleviating poverty and raising the standard of living.