2. We use adverbs in the following cases: To tell us more about actions (verbs). They show how, where or when something is done. E.g. She walked slowly. To relate to other adverbs. E.g. Dan went quite quickly past the house. To relate to adjectives. They may strengthen or weaken the adjectives. E.g. She had a terribly difficult day. To relate to whole sentences. E.g. Luckily it didn’t rain yesterday.

3. Mannerquietly, fast, gently, slowly, well Placeaway, down, anywhere, round, there Timedaily, monthly, tomorrow, immediately, now Frequencyoften, frequently, sometimes, always, never Whole Sentenceobviously, perhaps, possibly, luckily Degreequite, very, hardly, rather, completely

4. Most adverbs are formed by adding –ly or –ally to the adjective, and have almost the same meaning as the adjective. E.g. sad – sadly, quiet – quietly, slow – slowly. There are adjectives and adverbs that also have the same meaning, but are not formed by adding –ly. E.g. good - well Some adverbs and adjectives have the same form and meaning. E.g. fast, hard, late, early. David had a fast car. (adj) Dan works fast on the computer. (adv) Some adverbs have a different meaning from the adjective they are related to. E.g. bare – barely, short – shortly, scare – scarely. It was a short story. (adjective meaning brief) The teacher will arrive shortly. (adverb meaning soon)

5. Some adverbs have two forms: one often corresponds to the adjective (hard – hard) and the other with –ly has a completely different meaning (hard- hardly) E.g. A hard toffee broke her tooth. (adjective meaning solid / firm) She works hard. (adverb meaning with great effort) There were hardly any people there.(adverb meaning almost none) Sometimes the similarity between these adverbs and adjectives causes confusion. Look at this list: flatflatlydeepdeeply closecloselyhighhighly latelatelylastlastly freefreelyhardhardly

6. After certain verbs we do not use adverbs. Instead we use adjectives. These verbs are Stative Verbs. They are also called linking verbs because they link the subject with its adjective. Linking verbs are: E.g. Linda is careful (adjective). Linda drives carefully ( adverb) This cake tastes strange. (adjective) You look great. (adjective) Those flowers smelled wonderful. (adjective) befeellooktastesmell soundappearbecomeget (become)stay

7. Remember: When well is an adjective, it means “healthy”  Mrs. Cohen looks good. (adj)  Mrs. Broun looks well (healthy – adj)  Tom acts well (adv)  Steven is a good actor. (adj)  Britney looks good on the stage. (adj). Be careful: An adverb can be used before an adjective. The adverb does not change even after a linking verb.  He was extremely clever.  He was extreme in his views. Note: When any of the above verbs refer to an action or activity, they are no longer linking verbs and therefore can be followed by adverbs.  Ran looked carefully before he crossed the road.  Lotan appeared promptly every morning.

8. AdjectiveAdverb (meaning) goodwell difficultwith difficulty publicpublicly deepdeep (place)deeply (feeling) direct directly (=soon) hard hardly (=seldom) highhigh (place)highly (figurative) late lately (=recently) most mostly (=usually) near nearly (=almost) prettypretty (=rather)prettily(=pleasingly) short shortly (=soon) The following adjectives are also used as adverbs daily, enough, early, far, fast, hourly, little, long, low, monthly, much, straight, weekly, yea

9. For adjectives that end in –y, change the y to i and then add ly. E.g. easy – easily happy - happily For adjectives that end in –e, keep the e before -ly E.g. polite – politely absolute – absolutely But: true – truly For adjectives that end in –le take out the e and then add y. E.g. probable – probably terrible – terribly For adjectives that end in –ic, add –ally E.g. scientific – scientifically specific - specifically

10. Adverb of Manner (e.g.: slowly, carefully, awfully) These adverbs are put behind the direct object (or behind the verb if there's no direct object). SubjectVerb(s)Direct objectAdverb Hedrovethe carcarefully. Hedrove carefully. Adverbs of Place (e.g.: here, there, behind, above) Like adverbs of manner, these adverbs are put behind the direct object or the verb. SubjectVerb(s)Direct objectAdverb Ididn't seehimhere. Hestayed behind.

11. Adverbs of Time (e.g.: recently, now, then, yesterday) Adverbs of time are usually put at the end of the sentence. If you don't want to put emphasis on the time, you can also put the adverb of time at the beginning of the sentence.. SubjectVerb(s)Indirect objectDirect objectTime Iwill tellyouthe storytomorrow. TimeSubjectVerb(s)Indirect objectDirect object TomorrowIwill tellyouthe story.

12. Adverbs of Frequency (e.g.: always, never, seldom, usually) Adverbs of frequency are put directly before the main verb. If “be” is the main verb and there is no helping verb, adverbs of frequency are put behind “be”. If there is a helping verb, however, adverbs of frequency are put before 'be'. SubjectAuxiliary/beadverbmain verbobject, place or time I oftengo swimmingin the evenings. Hedoesn'talwaysplaytennis. Weareusually here in summer. Ihaveneverbeenabroad.

13. Comparison (-er /-est) Adverbs Comparative Ending in - ERSuperlative Ending in -EST one-syllable adverbs (hard)harderhardest Adverbs with the same form as adjectives (early) earlierearliest Comparison (more / most) Adverbs Comparative Formed with MORE Superlative Formed with MOST Adverbs ending in -ly (happily)more happilymost happily

14. Positive FormComparativeSuperlative wellbetterbest badlyworseworst illworseworst littlelessleast muchmoremost far (place + time)furtherfurthest far (place)fartherfarthest late (time)laterlatest

15. Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Ex. 5 Ex. 6 Ex. 7Ex. 8 Ex. 3 Ex. 4 Have you learned all the rules? Have you understood the material? Then, do some exercises and reinforce your knowledge! Quiz 1Quiz 2Quiz 3Quiz 4 Now check your knowledge! Remember: Practice Makes Perfect!