1. Writing in English Style in Written English

2. Common stylic problems 1. Sequence of tenses 2. Say/Tell 3. Dangling participles 4. Antecedents of pronouns 5. Participles as adjectives 6. Redundancy 7. Parallel structure 8. Transformation of Direct and Indirect objects 9. Adverbial at the beginning of a sentence

3. 7. Parallel structure information given in the form of a series or list in a sentence  grammatically parallel or equal Dhia is smart, friendly, and many people like her. adjective sentence Dhia is smart, friendly, and popular. adjective He likes to swim, fish, and surfing. infinitive Simple form Verb+ing

4. Exercises : Change the following sentences if you think they are unparallel 1. Ecologists are trying to preserve our environment for future generations by protecting the ozone layer, purifying the air, and have replanted the trees that have been cut down. 2. Slowly and with care, the Museum director removed the Ming vase from the shelf and placed it on the display pedestal. 3. Abraham Lincoln was a good president and was self-educated, hard-working, and always told the truth. 4. She is a senior, studies every day, and will graduate a semester early. 5. Enrique entered the classroom, sat down, and opening his book.

5. 8. Transformation of Direct and Indirect objects Two ways of writing objects of many verbs without changing the meaning of the sentence : the indirect object may occur after the direct object, preceded by a preposition it may occur before the direct object without preceded by a preposition The prepositions used generally : for and to The indirect object is an animate object or objects to whom or for whom something is done The direct object can be a person or a thing and is the first receiver of the action

6. Examples The director sent to them the manuscript last night.  The director sent the manuscript to them last night.  The director sent them the manuscript last night. They gave us it.  They gave it to us. John gave to his teacher the essay.  John gave his teacher the essay.  John gave the essay to his teacher.

7. Not all verbs allow for this object transformation. Some that do are : bringfindmakepromisetell buildgetofferreadwrite buygiveowesellcut handpaintsenddrawleave passshowfeed lendpay teach

8. Exercises : Rewrite these sentences by eliminating the preposition 1. I will send the books to you next week. 2. They wrote a letter to us. 3. That teacher taught grammar to us last year. 4. He brought the telegram to her this morning 1. The clerk sold us the record. 2. Pass me the salt please. 3. She bought him a red jacket. 4. The construction crew built them a house in four weeks. Exercises : Rewrite these sentences by supplying the correct preposition

9. 9. Adverbial at the beginning of a sentence to indicate a stronger emphasis on the action than when the adverbial is in its normal position Examples: Juan hardly remembers the lab accident that made his log book burnt.  Hardly does Juan remember the lab accident that made his log book burnt. Never have so many people been unemployed today. (So many people have never been unemployed today.) Hardly Rarely Seldom Never Only … + auxiliary + subject + verb

10. Exercises : Change each of the following sentences so that the adverbial is at the beginning of the sentence. 1. He had hardly started working when he realized that he needed to go to the library. 2. Yani can finish this work by staying up all night. 3. Class seldom lets out early. 4. We will be able to accomplish this great task only by hard work. 5. We have rarely seen such an effective method to extract the dyes.

11. Academic writing Task 1: describing data, charts, diagrams, processes, tables  Before you start writing:  Look carefully at the given information  Pay particular attention to any headings/types of measurement used  E.g. millions, percentage  Write about the most significant changes and differences  Do not copy words and phrases directly from the question – use your own words  Try not to repeat the same words and phrases

12. Data presentation types: Match the labels to the correct illustration 1. Pie chart 2. table 3. bar chart/bar graph 4. graph 5. diagram 6.flowchart

13. The graph shows the amount of garbage collected and recycled annually in America (1) 960 and 2005. From 1960 to 1970 the amount of waste being recycled remained fairly (2) at just about 8%. However, this figure (3) significantly from 1970 to 1990 when it (4) at approximately 32% of the total waste collected. On the other hand, the amount of waste being produced increased (5) at around the same time, growing (6) approximately 40 million tonnes per year (7) 55 million tonnes within five years. Following this sharp (8) the amount of waste collected has risen (9), while the percentage of waste being recycled actually (10) from 32% to 26% (11) 1995. Fortunately, recycling has (12) increased and (13) 2005 it had again reached the same figure as in 1990. However, this figure is still disappointing (14) to the total amount of waste that is thrown away. Between static compare Steady fall in by Rise peak dramatic From to increase gradual

14. cross-word puzzle Accross: 1. The opposite of microscopic 6. House of electron 7. A shiny substance that conduct electricity 9. ….mulator (Current collector) 10. One of the atomic theory 11. Heavy metal 12. Phase of water as an ice block Down: 2. One of acid definition theory 3. What you feel if you touch the flask of endothermic reaction 5.Chemically bonded of two or more elements 8 & 4.oil loving 9. Solution with pH < 7 10. Material data sheet (abbreviation) 11. Cyanide anion 12345 6 78 9 10 11 12