1. Data Collection & Surveys MPH 606 Dr. Lindsey (Fenix) Ho

2. Summary Question/Hypothesis Study Design Enrollment Criteria 2

3. Data Collection How happy are you? Diabetes Status BMI Years Smoked AGE Do you feel safe in your community? 3

4. Data Collection Systematic collection of information for a particular purpose from various sources that is systematically observed, recorded and organized Provide evidence to describe a situation, event, intervention or outcome Leads to results which guide decision making like policies and treatments 4

5. Data Types Collected by someone elseCollected by you, specifically for your research 5

6. (Parab, 2013) 6

7. Quantitative vs Qualitative Data 量, 定性 (unowacademics, 2014) 7 Video Here

8. Cli (Parab, 2013) Clinical Data Environmental Data Genetic Data 8

9. Creating a Survey Time Cost Comprehension Literacy level Language barrier Non- Participation Socially sensitive topics (Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Gender orientation, Drug use) Current Knowledge of topic 9

10. Survey Question Basics  Purpose of Questionnaire  Related to research question/hypothesis  Types of questions (quantitative, qualitative)  Response format (dichotomous, ordinal, continuous, open-ended response, filter or contingency*)  Question order  Prompt a different answer later on in survey  Sensitive questions in the middle, not first question *Q) Have you ever smoked? Y/N If yes, how many years?  1  10  100 X 10

11. Writing Survey Questions Question wording: How you ask a question can drastically affect your outcome 11

12. Good Research Questions Is the question necessary/useful/appropriate General enough (when appropriate) Detail/Specific (when appropriate) Redundant Is more than one question needed? Do respondents have the necessary information? example-> Alzheimer participants may not know their birthday, how often they use the bathroom daily, etc. 12

13. Short, Easy, Clear 13

14. Question Order Opening questions Easy Non-threatening Interesting Sensitive questions Embedded in the middle Demographics Beginning or End Transition statements/Introducing next Section Change topic Define concept(s) Introduce sensitive topic (option to skip) **Taking a Survey should be “easy”, not difficult or threatening Not like a TEST 14

15. Bad Research Questions Too general Too specific No “other” option Too long/boring Inappropriate Inconsistent Not worded sensitively Difficult/unable to answer Bias Example: If female, do you like cake? If yes, what kind of cake? (excluding all males in a co-ed survey on desserts preferences) 15

16. Examples of Poorly worded Questions How many months have you been unemployed in the last 10 years? Employees are very satisfied working at company X, how satisfied are you? 1- 10 (1=not, 10=very satisfied) First question of the survey on Drug Usage Survey: Are you addicted to drugs? What activity to you do every night at 11:11pm? How hard do you hit your child when he/she makes a mistake? 16

17. Survey Response Choices Structured - provide response choices Easier to respond but also can be constraining Types Choose one (i.e., male or female) Rate these (i.e., first choice, second choice…) Choose all that apply Scale these (i.e., strongly agree, agree,…strongly disagree) Consistent Answers (all in months, not months and years ) Unstructured - open-ended Requires more effort Other (please specify)______________________ 17

18. Poor Survey Responses How old was your baby when it learned to walk? a)9 months b)10 months c)12 months d)1.5 years e)2 years What is your religion? a)Buddhist b)Christian c)Hindu d)Jewish e)Something Else f)Nothing 18

19. Last Question… Is your research study Valid or Reliable? 19

20. Valid and Reliable Results 有效, 可靠 Yao Ming Reliable = Consistency Example: Basketball player always catches the pass. You want a reliable player because you know that if you pass them the ball, they won’t drop it. Valid = Accuracy Example: How close can a player hit the ball to the hole, in one golf swing? Does the test measure what it is supposed to measure? 20

21. Valid and Reliable Results Ideal: BOTH 有效 可靠 Not Valid Not Reliable Valid but Not Reliable Not Valid but Reliable Valid and Reliable 21

22. Valid and Reliable Study Your research study should be designed to be both VALID and RELIABLE How? Start with a clear question or hypothesis Pick the strongest/best fitting research study design Choose study criteria, variables and measurement instruments that match the question/hypothesis most accurately (minimize bias) Design specific, clear survey questions (minimize error/bias) Write a clear data analysis plan Document all your methods clearly Write a clear and concise Research Paper to document your findings 22

23. re- SEARCH Let the Research Methods Guide You 23

24. Dr. Ho 24

25. References Parab, P. (2013) CRISTINA SIMON PALACIOS. Available at: http://www.slideshare.net/parabprathamesh/primary-sec unowacademics (2014) UniversityNow: Quantitative vs. Qualitative research. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bCuwX35MHyE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bCuwX35MHyE Statistics Learning Centre (2012) Sampling: Simple random, convenience, systematic, cluster, stratified - statistics help. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=be9e-Q-jC-0 25