1. Chapter 55 Nutritional Supplements Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

2.  Dietary products used to provide nutritional support  Can be given in a variety of ways  Vary in amounts and complexity of carbohydrates, protein, and fat content  Electrolytes, vitamins, minerals, and osmolality may also vary Nutrition Supplements Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.2

3.  Malnutrition  The body’s nutritional needs are not met by nutrient intake  Enteral nutrition  Provision of food or nutrients through the GI tract  Parenteral nutrition  Delivery of nutrients directly into the circulation by means of an intravenous solution Nutrition Supplements (cont’d) Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.3

4.  Provision of food or nutrients through the GI tract  Oral consumption is the most common and least invasive route  Feeding tubes through various routes can be used for enteral nutrition Enteral Nutrition Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.4

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6.  Feeding tubes are used for those with:  Abnormal esophageal or stomach peristalsis  Altered anatomy secondary to surgery  Depressed consciousness  Impaired digestive capacity Enteral Nutrition (cont’d) Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.6

7.  Provide basic building blocks for anabolism  Supply complete dietary needs through the GI tract by oral route or by feeding tube  Elemental  Polymeric  Modular Carbohydrate formulations Fat formulations Protein formulations  Altered amino acid formulations  Impaired glucose tolerance Enteral Formulation Groups Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.7

8.  Peptamen, Vital HN, Vivonex Plus, Vivonex TEN  Minimal digestion needed; residual is minimal  Used for malabsorption, partial bowel obstruction, irritable bowel disease, other conditions  Hyperosmolarity of formulas may cause GI problems Enteral Formulation Group: Elemental Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.8

9.  Complete, Ensure, Ensure Plus, Isocal, Osmolite, Portagen, Jevity, Sustacal  Preferred over elemental formulations for patients with fully functional GI tracts and few specialized nutrient requirements; cause fewer GI problems  Most closely resemble normal dietary intake Enteral Formulation Group: Polymeric Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.9

10.  Three types  Carbohydrate: Moducal, Polycose  Fat: MCT Oil, Microlipid  Protein: Casec, ProMod, Propac, Stresstein  Single nutrient formulas  Intended for use with monomeric or polymeric formulations Enteral Formulation Group: Modular Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.10

11.  Amin-Aid, Hepatic-Aid, Travasorb Renal, Traum- Aid HBC  Contain varying amounts of specific amino acids  Used for patients with diseases associated with altered metabolism capabilities Enteral Formulation Group: Altered Amino Acid Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.11

12. Question A patient who has a history of type 1 diabetes mellitus is in need of enteral nutrition. Which enteral formulation does the nurse anticipate administering to this patient? A.Ensure B.Glucerna C.Polycose D.Jevity Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.12

13.  Glucerna  Contains proteins, carbohydrates, fat, sodium, potassium  Used in patients with impaired glucose tolerance (e.g., diabetic patients) Enteral Formulation Group: Impaired Glucose Tolerance Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.13

14.  Various nutrients can interact with drugs to produce significant food-drug interactions  Enteral nutrition can delay absorption of some medications  Enteral nutrition may inactivate some medications (e.g., tetracycline and nutrient formulations that contain calcium) Enteral Nutrition: Interactions Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.14

15. Question The nurse is administering tube feeding to a patient taking multiple medications. The nurse is most concerned about absorption of which medication when administered with tube feedings? A.digoxin B.penicillin C.phenytoin D.furosemide Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.15

16.  Gastrointestinal intolerance  Dumping syndrome  Aspiration pneumonia Enteral Nutrition: Adverse Effects Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.16

17. Question The nurse identifies which condition as the most common adverse effect of nutritional supplements? A.Infection B. Phlebitis C.Diarrhea D.Hyperglycemia Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.17

18.  Totally digested nutrients are given intravenously, directly into the circulatory system  The entire GI system is bypassed, eliminating the need for absorption, metabolism, or bowel elimination  Total parenteral nutrition (TPN)  Peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN) Parenteral Nutrition Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.18

19.  Formulations vary according to individual patient nutritional needs  Amino acids  Carbohydrates  Lipids  Trace elements Parenteral Nutrition (cont’d) Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.19

20.  Protein synthesis, or anabolism  Types of amino acids  Essential  Nonessential  Semiessential  Amino acid crystalline solutions (Aminosyn 3%, 5%, and 10%, and FreAmine III 8.5% and 10%) Amino Acids Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.20

21.  Carbohydrates are usually supplied to patients through dextrose  Peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN) dextrose concentrations are usually kept below 10% to decrease the possibility of phlebitis  Central TPN dextrose concentrations can range from 10% to 50%, but they are commonly 25% to 35%  Supplemental insulin may be given simultaneously in nutritional supplements Carbohydrates Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.21

22.  Intravenous fat emulsions serve two functions  Supply essential fatty acids  Source of energy or calories  Essential fatty acid deficiency  Lipid emulsions, Intralipid and Liposyn, are available as 10%, 20%, or 30% emulsions Fats Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.22

23. Varying Amounts of Energy from 1 g of Dextrose, Fat, or Protein Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.23

24.  Peripheral total parenteral nutrition  Temporary, short term (less than 2 weeks)  Dextrose concentration generally less than 10%  Total parenteral nutrition  Long-term use (over 2 weeks)  Dextrose concentrations may be 10% to 50%, but are commonly 25% to 35% Parenteral Nutrition (cont’d) Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.24

25.  Used to provide nutrients to patients who need more nutrients than present oral intake can provide  Indicated for:  Procedures that restrict oral feedings  Anorexia caused by chemotherapy or radiation treatments  GI illnesses that prevent oral food intake  Postsurgical patients  When nutrition deficits are minimal, but oral nutrition will not be started for more than 5 days Peripheral TPN Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.25

26. Question When caring for a patient receiving PPN, it is most important for the nurse to assess for the development of which adverse effect? A.Hypertension B.Anemia C.Renal failure D.Phlebitis Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.26

27.  Phlebitis is the most devastating adverse effect  Can lead to loss of a limb  Fluid overload Peripheral TPN: Adverse Effects Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.27

28.  Delivered through a large central vein  Subclavian  Internal jugular  Long-term use (more than 7 to 10 days) Central TPN Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.28

29.  Disadvantages are the risks associated with central line insertion, use, and maintenance  Higher risk for infection, catheter-induced trauma, metabolic alterations Central TPN (cont’d) Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.29

30.  Delivers total dietary nutrients to patients who require nutritional supplementation  Patients with large nutritional requirements (metabolic stress or hypermetabolism)  Patients who need nutritional support for more than 7 to 10 days  Patients who are unable to tolerate large fluid loads Central TPN (cont’d) Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.30

31.  Most common are those surrounding the use of the central line for the delivery of TPN  Infection  Catheter-induced trauma  Greater chance for hyperglycemia because of the larger and more concentrated volumes given Central TPN: Adverse Effects Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.31

32.  Chromium  Copper  Iodine  Manganese  Molybdenum  Selenium  Zinc Trace Elements Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.32

33.  Ensure that a complete nutritional assessment is taken, including a dietary history, weekly and daily food intakes, and weight and height measurements  Consult with a registered dietitian Nursing Implications Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.33

34.  Assess baseline laboratory studies, such as total protein, albumin, BUN, RBC, WBC, cholesterol  Collect anthropometric data  Assess for allergies to components of enteral nutritional supplements (such as whey, egg whites)  Assess for lactose intolerance Nursing Implications (cont’d) Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.34

35.  If administering enteral nutrition by tube feedings, follow facility policy for ensuring proper tube placement and for checking residual volumes before administering a feeding  Follow procedures for flushing tubing to prevent clogging the feeding tube with formula Nursing Implications (cont’d) Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.35

36.  Carefully monitor how the patient is tolerating enteral feedings  Keep in mind that most enteral feedings are started slowly, and the rate is increased gradually  Monitor for signs of lactose intolerance  Cramping  Diarrhea  Abdominal bloating  Flatulence Nursing Implications (cont’d) Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.36

37.  Follow facility policies and procedures for care and maintenance of TPN IV lines, including tubing and dressing changes  Monitor patient’s temperature; report any increase immediately Nursing Implications (cont’d) Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.37

38.  Monitor blood glucose levels with a glucometer  Monitor for hyperglycemia  Headache, dehydration, weakness  Monitor for hypoglycemia  Cold, clammy skin, dizziness, tachycardia, tingling of the extremities Nursing Implications (cont’d) Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.38

39. Classroom Response Question A patient is receiving peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN). When the current bag is empty, the nurse discovers that the next ordered bag is not yet ready from the pharmacy. What will the nurse do? A.Convert the IV to an IV lock until the next bag is ready. B.Hang a bag of 10% dextrose. C.Hang a bag of 20% dextrose. D.Notify the physician that the bag is not ready. Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.39

40.  While on TPN, the pancreas provides increased amounts of insulin to cover the increased glucose levels  If TPN is discontinued abruptly, rebound hypoglycemia may occur until the pancreas has time to adjust to changing glucose levels  If TPN must be discontinued abruptly, then infuse 5% to 10% glucose to prevent hypoglycemia according to facility policy Nursing Implications (cont’d) Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.40

41.  Monitor for fluid overload while on TPN  Weak pulse  Hypertension  Tachycardia  Confusion  Decreased urine output  Pitting edema  Monitor daily weights and intake and output volumes Nursing Implications (cont’d) Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.41

42.  Monitor for therapeutic responses to nutritional supplementation  Improved well-being, energy, strength, and performance of activities of daily living  Increased weight  Laboratory studies that reflect a more positive nutritional status Nursing Implications (cont’d) Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.42

43. Question The nurse is assessing a patient admitted to the unit following major bowel surgery. The nurse anticipates administering which type of nutrition for this patient? A.Enteral feedings through a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube B.Peripheral parenteral nutrition C.Total parenteral nutrition D.A high-residue diet Copyright © 2014 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.43