1. Aim #1: How did new ideas in science, literature, philosophy and art reflect the anxiety of the inter-war years? Homework: IW #2 due Monday.

2. Science What was Einstein’s Theory of Relativity? What was Freud’s Theory of the Unconscious?

3. Implications of Freudian Psychology Undermined the Enlightenment belief of rationality Humans are irrational and capable of self- destruction Irrational/unconscious drives as an explanation for Great War Dreams and inadvertent remarks can reveal aspects of the unconscious. 3. Are these ideas going to make life seem more stable or less stable during the 1920s and 1930s? Why?

4. Existentialism A dominant philosophy in Europe from the 1920s-1950s. Existentialists like Jean-Paul Satre (1905-1980) and Albert Camus (1913-1960) argue that there is no universal meaning to life. Reason & science are incapable of providing insight into the human condition Existentialists are usually atheists. They do not believe that a God exists or had given life its meaning. Humans live in hostile world, alone, and afraid, waiting for the inevitable arrival of death. 4. Why do you think existentialism became so popular after World War I and World War II?

5. Existentialism Human condition of loneliness is a challenge and a call to action Men & women give meaning to their lives through their choices A person in the sum of their choices

6. Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) Conventional values of Western society (rationality, progress and democracy) are outdated and stifle the authentic passions and instincts that drive human creativity and excellence. Argues that people need to focus on ancient heroic values like pride, assertiveness and strength. By embracing these values, some exceptional humans could become supermen. These supermen would dominate society and successfully reorder the world. 5. Why will Adolf Hitler eventually be attracted to Nietzsche’s philosophy?

7. 19 th Century Art: The Dance Lesson (1876) by Edward Degas

8. Cubism: Three Musicians (1921) by Pablo Picasso In Cubism the subject matter is broken up, analyzed, and reassembled in an abstracted form. Take geometric figures, put them in incorrect places and provide enough clues for the eye to guess what the image is.

9. Dadaism: Nude Descending the Staircase (1912) by Marcel Duchamp Attacked all the familiar standards of art and engaged in outrageous behavior. Dadaists argued that art should be absurd, nonsensical and meaningless. How does this painting try to make that statement?

10. Surrealism: The Persistence of Memory (1931) by Salvador Dali

11. Art Which of these art movements would you have found most appealing if you lived in the early 20 th century? Are there any you would not have enjoyed? Why?

12. Concluding Questions Which of these new ideas best reflects the idea that this was an “Age of Anxiety?” How are the ideas of this period different from the Enlightenment ideas we learned about at the beginning of this unit?