1. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods Objectives Identify the terms used to describe the parts of a fire, types, and control lines. Define indirect and direct suppression methods and list the conditions each is used. Illustrate the standards of direct and indirect fire line construction necessary to control smoldering (creeping), and fast-moving fires in light fuels. Locate fire line placement in flat and rough terrain. Illustrate when to use direct and indirect methods of line construction. List potential safety hazards involved in the use of the direct and indirect line building methods and precautions which should be taken in each case. Demonstrate the proper use and maintenance of the hand tools used in natural fuels, fire line construction. Demonstrate the proper use of water in building a fire line in natural fuels.

2. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods Nomenclature of a Fire HEAD: That part of the fire moving with the wind. Hottest part of the fire; first suppression priority. ORGIN: Spot where fire started. REAR: Part of the fire backing against the wind; last suppression priority.

3. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods Nomenclature of a Fire continued FLANK: right flank: hottest flank due to quartering effects of wind; second suppression priority. FINGERS: long narrow strip of fire extending from main fire. POCKETS: indentations in a fire edge formed by fingers or slow burning areas.

4. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods Nomenclature of a Fire continued SPOT FIRE: Separate fire occurring out ahead of main fire.(Can be up to 1/2 mile) ISLAND: Area of unburned fuel inside the fire. PERIMETER: Outside boundary of the fire.

5. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods Parts of a Fire

6. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods Three Basic Types of Wildfires CROWN: Fire that burns through the top of fuel

7. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods Three Basic Types of Wildfires SURFACE: Fire that burns away ground litter.

8. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods Three Basic Types of Wildfires GROUND: Fire that burns below ground level, usually caused by a surface fire.

9. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods Direct Attack Consists of a series of related direct actions to cool, drown, smother, beat out, starve, or otherwise extinguish the flames of an on going fire.

10. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods Conditions to use Direct Attack Fire is small Light fuels Ground fire On flanks and rear of large fires Where conditions allow working close to the fire

11. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods Direct Attack : Pros Limits chance for fire to gain size or momentum Eliminates uncertain elements in backfiring Reduces danger of fire crowning If necessary you can escape into the burned area Takes advantage of burned out areas along control line.

12. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods Direct Attack: Cons You work in more intense heat and smoke More mop up and closer patrol required in heavy fuel More danger of spot fires and breakovers in heavy fuel Control line generally follows fire edge thus longer and irregular Does not take advantage of existing fire barriers (both man-made and natural)

13. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods Direct Attack : Dos Take advantage of wind lull’s Time attack to coincide with fire entering lighter fuels Use water to cool flames so hand tool men (if available) can get in close. Use water only as necessary on flanks and rear Scatter heavy fuels inside the burn Fell snags adjacent to the control line, if present Work as a team

14. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods In-Direct Attack Control action conducted a variable distance from and usually parallel to the edge of a fire in such a manner as to deprive the advancing fire of fuel and thereby halting its progress

15. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods In-Direct Attack: Conditions When Used When burning intensity, rate of spread and working conditions are too extreme Insufficient number of fire fighters Where good natural barriers exist On fast spreading/ hot fires To straighten the fire lines

16. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods Direct Attack: Don’ts Attack head on fast moving hot fires from the unburned fuel Waste water Risk safety of fire fighters and equipment

17. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods In-Direct Attack Pros Not working in as intense heat and smoke Takes advantage of changes in fuel type. Eliminates irregularity of line Less danger of break-overs in heavy fuels Permits taking advantage of terrain features.

18. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods In-Direct Attack Cons Sacrifices acreage You may be flanked by fire Burn out may get out of control Fire may suddenly change direction Must stay alert & remain ready until fire burns out

19. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods In-Direct Attack Dos Establish lines in lighter fuels, if possible Make lines as straight as possible. Try to keep heavy fuels outside the control line Make use of natural barriers Clean line to mineral soil Patrol established lines Burnout when needed Establish periodic rest breaks

20. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods In-Direct Attack Don’ts Don’t over extend yourself Don’t set unwatched backfires Don’t construct lines adjacent to tall fuels Don’t take unnecessary chances with fire fighters and equipment

21. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods Video Presentation NFES FWC-602-03-DVD Part 2: Structure Protection Strategies in the Wildland/Urban interface

23. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods Routine Brush Truck Tactics Cool head fire: Establish anchor point Start at rear & move up one of the flanks Suppress entire perimeter

24. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods Routine Brush Truck Tactics Hot head fire: Attack rear Start short distance from head Move across to right flank From right flank counter clockwise

25. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods Routine Brush Truck Tactics MOP UP ENTIRE PERIMETER Small fires entire burn area Large fires up to 100 ft.

26. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods Routine Brush Truck Tactics Heavy fuels: Look for barrier No barrier position brush truck at angle forward of but facing head from drivers side Set nozzle to yield medium spray at high pressure

27. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods Routine Brush Truck Tactics Heavy fuels: Advance toward fire, hold nozzle near face, spray from side to side Approach the head, concentrate the stream in the hottest region of the flame from center to your left.

28. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods Brush Truck Support to a Tractor Dozer plows fire line directly in front of the fire head. May or may not string backfire. Brush truck takes a position in front and to one side of fire to observe backfire and to take care of any spotting.

29. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods Pump and Nozzle Ops. Spray Covers a wider area Can be used to flank or from the black Straight stream Knock down power. When using from black be careful of embers being knocked into unburned area.

30. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods Pump and Nozzle Ops.

31. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods Common Hose Types Cotton jacket hose- light weight for hose advancement (hose lays over hot embers) Red line- pump and roll, mop-up.

32. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods Hose Handling Get in close as is safe Light fuels-nozzle man rides Heavy fuels-nozzle man walks Don’t drag hose Don’t run over hose.

33. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods Water Conservation Work during wind lulls Wait if possible to meet fire in lighter fuels Spray water parallel to line, under and over sprays will hit flames. For small fires and mop up use 1” or 3/4 “ forestry hose.

34. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods Common Hand Tools Shovel Can be used for digging, throwing, or scrapping

35. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods Common Hand Tools Axe Used for removal of snags, logs or limbs.

36. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods Common Hand Tools Pulaski Used for scrapping, cutting and removal of duff material

37. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods Common Hand Tools Swatter Used to smother fire edge, best when drug along fire edge

38. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods Common Hand Tools Backpack Pump Excellent for small slop- overs, spot fires and mop up

39. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods Common Hand Tools Drip Torch Used for starting back fires and burn out operations Mixture of diesel and gas (3 to 1)

40. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods Common Hand Tools Fusee Used for starting back fires and burn out operations

41. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods Standard Line Construction Penetrate to mineral soil. Line of adequate width Use the easiest route Take advantage of light fuels Take advantage of any natural barriers Avoid sharp angles in the control line Take advantage of terrain in slope country Avoid line construction below a burned area where fire is spreading rapidly, and direct attack inappropriate, locate line to give time for line const and backfiring

42. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods Width of a Fire Line Varies With: Slope & Aspect Fuels Topography Weather conditions Part of fire i.e. head, flank, rear Size and intensity of fire Equipment and fire fighters available

43. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods Rule of Thumb Regarding Fire Line Width Fast moving fires Head- 2x flame height Flank- 1x flame height Slow moving fires Head- 3-4 ft. Wide Flank- 6-8 inches

44. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods Remember Incident Commander Will Declare Fire Out!!

45. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods Video Presentation NFES 2036: Wild Fire Hand Tools

46. NFES 2306: Wildland Hand Tools Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods Video Presentation

47. Unit 5 – Wildland Fire Suppression Methods Review

48. Review The ____ attack suppression method is conducted a variable distance from a usually parallel to the edge of a fire in such a manner as to deprive the advancing fire of fuel. Indirect A fire which burns away the low vegetation and forest litter is a: Surface fire A hot fire which is dangerous to get near with a brush truck indicates the need for which nozzle setting: Straight stream The fasted moving and hottest part of a wildland fire is: Head