1. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 9: Development The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography

2. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Development The process of improving the material conditions of people through the diffusion of knowledge and technology The world today is divided into the “haves” and the “have nots” More developed countries (MDCs) –AKA developed countries- GDP more than $20k Lesser developed countries (LDCs) –AKA emerging or developing countries- GDP less than $1k **Some countries now=newly-industrializing (countries in between LDC and MDC such as S. Korea & Latin American countries b/c of compressed modernity)

3. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Theories of Economic Dev. Modernization Model Also called the Westernization model: Says tradition the greatest barrier to development Says industrialization started in Europe and spread Up to countries to model this Dependency Theory (Wallerstein’s theory follows) Primary responsibility for global poverty is rich countries exploiting and blocking poorer countries from developing Marxist (socialist) theory Says that inequality at roots of current state of development in the world (from colonial period)

4. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Does Development Vary Between Countries? Economic indicators of development –The Human Development Index (HDI), created by the United Nations Four factors used to assess a country’s level of development: –Economic = (1) gross domestic product (GDP) per capita (per person) –Social = (2) literacy and (3) amount of education –Demographic = (4) life expectancy –# 1 in 2009: Norway! –At the bottom: Niger!

5. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Human Development Index Figure 9-1

6. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries? Economic indicators of development –1) Types of jobs Primary sector (agriculture, mining, fishing) Secondary sector (manufacturing) Tertiary sector (services) **quaternary=research & dev. –2) Productivity The value of a product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it Measured by the value added per capita (gross value of product minus the costs of raw materials & energy) MDCs are more productive than LDCs (U.S.= over $5,000 vs. $100 in India) –3) Consumer goods (MDCs have more!)

7. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Motor Vehicles Per 1,000 Persons Figure 9-4

8. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries? Social indicators of development –1) Education and literacy The higher the level of dev., the greater are both the quantity and quality of a country’s educational services Most used indicators: Student/teacher ratio (in primary schools) & the literacy rate (% of population who can read & write); LR= over 98% in MDCs Less than 60% in LDCs (education = ticket to better jobs & higher status in LDCs) –2) Health and welfare Diet (adequate calories): People in MDCs receive more than they need vs. LDCs who receive LESS Access to health care (gov. pays for more- 70% MDCs)

9. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Students Per Teacher, Primary School Figure 9-6

10. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries? Demographic indicators of development –Life expectancy Better health & welfare in MDCs= people live longer Babies born today in MDCs have a life expectancy in the 70s; babies born in LDCs, in the 60s Biggest difference= between females (live 13 years longer in MDCs) –Other demographic indicators: Infant mortality= 99.5% babies survive in MDCs (so much HIGHER rate in LDCs) Natural increase= much HIGHER in LDCs Crude birth rate= much HIGHER in LDCs

11. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where are MDCs and LDCs Distributed? More developed regions(north of 30 deg. N lat.) –North America and Europe –Other MDCs with high HDI = Russia, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand (Oceania) Less developed regions(south of 30 deg. N lat.) –Latin America (includes S. America) = highest HDI among LDCs –Southwest Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia = similar HDI –South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa = low levels of development

12. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. More and Less Developed Regions Figure 9-10

13. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Does Level of Development Vary by Gender? Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) –HDI masks inequality in the status of men & women –Compares the level of women’s development with that of both sexes (gender inequality exists in every country!) –** Highest level is 1.0 (no country has this) –Four measures/indicators (similar to HDI): Economic: Per capita female incomes as a percentage of male per capita incomes Social: –1) Number of females enrolled in school compared to the number of males (MORE girls in MDCs) –2) Percent of literate females to literate males Demographic: Life expectancy of females to males

14. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) Figure 9-17

15. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Demographic Indicator of Gender Difference: Life Expectancy Figure 9-21

16. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Does Level of Development Vary by Gender? Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) –Compares the decision-making capabilities of men and women in politics and economics (power) –Uses economic and political indicators: Economic: –Per capita female incomes as a percentage of male per capita incomes –Percentage of technical and professional jobs held by women –Percentage of administrative jobs held by women Political: –Percentage of women holding national office

17. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. What does this mean? Every country has a LOWER GEM than GDI = women posses a greater share of the country’s resources (education, income) than they do POWER over allocation of these resources (less women in roles of leadership where they make decisions) How do we solve this issue (even in MDC’s)??

18. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) Figure 9-22

19. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Economic Indicator of Empowerment: Professionals Figure 9-23

20. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Progress Toward Development - To reduce disparities between MDCs and LDCs, LDCs must develop rapidly & make improvements to social & economic conditions - 2 major obstacles: 1) adopting SUCCESSFUL policies; 2) funding them $$$$ Figure 9-26

21. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles? Development through 1) self-sufficiency: –Spread investment as = as possible across all sectors of its economy & in all regions (goal of reducing poverty) Characteristics: Pace of development = modest/slower Distribution of development = even (cities/rural) Barriers are established to protect local business from competition w/global companies: –3 most common barriers = (1) tariffs & (2) quotas on imports (3) restricting the number of importers Two major problems with this approach (India) : –Inefficient businesses are protected (no competition) –A large bureaucracy is developed (too much govt!!)

22. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles? 2) International trade (specialize & sell to the world instead!) –Rostow’s model of development (similar to Dem.Transition) Stage 1- (agriculture; military; religion) North Korea (military investment) Stage 2- (new technologies by ELITE group)sub-Saharan countries, Haiti Stage 3- (rapid growth of few industries) SE Asia, parts of South America Stage 4- (more skilled labor; modern technology) China, India, Brazil Stage 5- (shift to heavy industry-steel/energ-y & consumer goods) any MDC –U.S. entered stage 5 during the early 20 th century! “Four Asian dragons/tigers” (S.K., Sing., Taiwan, Hong Kong) Petroleum-rich Arabian Peninsula states –3 major issues: *Uneven resource distribution (uncertain market & uneven distribution w/in their country) Increased dependence on MDCs (ignore food for people) Global market decline (unstable…so the value drops)

23. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles? International trade approach triumphs –The path most commonly selected by the end of the twentieth century –Countries convert because evidence indicates that international trade is the more effective path toward development- increase in GDP of 4% (vs. 1% for s.s.mod) Example: India –World Trade Organization Formed in 1995; reduce barriers to international trade 1) countries negotiate reduction of restrictions on manufacturing and movement of $$; 2) enforcing agreements bet. countries & protect patents, etc. –Foreign direct investment: investing in another country ** Uneven= more from MDCs to MDCs vs. MDCs to LDCs

24. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Triumph of International Trade Approach Figure 9-27 Figure 9-28

25. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Foreign Direct Investment (Major source of FDI are transnational corporations- invest & operate in other countries; most based in U.S. & Europe) Figure 9-30

26. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles? Financing development –LDCs require money to fund development! 2 sources of $$: Loans –The World Bank; International Monetary Fund (IMF)- both started in 1944 to promote economic stabilization and development after WWII (agencies of the United Nations) –Fund projects to build better infrastructure- About ½ of projects in Africa failed –Structural adjustment programs (when debts go bad): LDCs outline economic goals, strategies, & financing requirements Foreign direct investment from transnational corporations (previous slide)

27. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Debt as a Percentage of Income Figure 9-31

28. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles? Fair trade approach (alternative to I.T. model) –Products are made and traded in a way that protects workers and small businesses in LDCs (mainly craft products, food) –Two sets of standards Fair trade producer standards (cut out the middleman and band together- saves money) Fair trade worker standards (employers must pay fair wages- at least minimum wage, allow unions, & comply with safety & environmental standards). ** good for women –Producers and workers usually earn more –Consumers usually pay higher prices

29. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Core and Periphery Model Figure 9-32

30. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The End. Up next: Agriculture