3. What is Ecology? The study of the ________________ between organisms and their environment interactions

5. Biotic examples include any ________ or ___________ plants animals

6. ________ Sunlight Abiotic examples include: A)

7. ________ water B)

8. __________ Air CO2 O2 C)

9. Soil Soil D)

10. 6- BIOSPHERE 5- BIOME 4- ECOSYSTEM 3- COMMUNITY 2- POPULATION 1- INDIVIDUAL ECOLOGY

11. 1. Individual A plant or animal belonging to a specific ____________ species Ex: 1 zebra

12. 2. Population A _________of individuals from the ______ species living in a specific area group same

13. Members of a population usually ____________ interbreed Ex: A herd of zebras

14. 3. Community A group of ________________that interact with each other Ex: Zebras, lions, antelope, hyena, elephants, bushes, trees, grass populations

15. 4. Ecosystem One or more _____________ that interact with each other. communities

16. 5. Biome A region of the world that has a particular ____________ climate

17. Deserts, tropical rain forests For example:

18. 6. Biosphere A place on the Earth Where ________ can exist life

19. Man-made Biosphere

20. Ecological Niche: is the role that each species plays in the ecosystem Your job!!!!

21. Habitat: A place where a species ________ lives

22. Competition Is the struggle for resources

23. Limiting factors: In the environment limit the size of the population and may include :

24. The number of and their _____________

28. Who is the Prey? The one that is eaten There must always be more prey than predators

30. In this snowy environment, the polar bear is white to avoid being noticed as it approaches the seal, and the seal pup is white to avoid being noticed by the bear.

31. Other Limiting factors include: For plants the amounts of: ______________ & _____________

32. Other Limiting factors include: Temperature pH Type of rock or Minerals in the rock or soil

33. Carrying Capacity

34. What is Carrying Capacity The number Of organisms Of any single Species an Ecosystem Can support

35. What Can Effect Carrying Capacity? Energy Water Oxygen Minerals Food

38. Why does the white-tailed deer population drop when the carrying capacity is exceeded? 1.Resources are too low to support the population. 2.Weather changes reduce the deer population. 3.The height of edible plants exceeds the height of the deer. 4.Competition by other animals is greatly reduced.

39. 1. Autotrophs: Also known as _________ Because they can make their own food Ex: producers Plants

40. Heterotrophs: A.k.a. - _________ Cannot make their own food Ex: people animals Consumers

41. a) Herbivores: Eat ________ Ex: Cows, horses, rabbits, panda plants

42. b) Carnivores: Eat _______ ex: Lions tigers hawks meat

43. Carnivore - Wolf

45. c. Omnivores: Eat BOTH ________ _______ Ex: Bears, humans, chimps, plants & animals

46. Pigs - Omnivores

47. 3. Decomposers: Break down And re-cycle Materials that can be used by consumers Ex: fungus, worms, bacteria

48. Maggot-covered Sea Lion

50. deadEat dead animals or plants Ex: Flies, maggots, vultures, hyena, sea gulls, pigeons 4. Scavengers

51. Hyenas and Vultures

52. 5. Parasites: attack other living organisms called ______________ they live on or in the body of their host. Ex: Tapeworms and fleas examples: _________________________ a host

54. Food Web: Interconnected food chains

56. 1: Producer or Consumer?

57. 2. Producer or Consumer?

58. 3. Producer or Consumer? ?????

59. http://www.poconorecord.com/apps/ pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080506/MU LTIMEDIA02/80505016

63. Mutualism Relationship in which both organisms benefit Ex: Rhino and tick bird (oxpecker) Ex: Bacteria living in guts of animals Ex: Flowers and bees

64. Zebra and Oxpecker Oxpeckers land on rhinos or zebras and eat ticks and other parasites that live on their skin. The oxpeckers get food and the beasts get pest control. Also, when there is danger, the oxpeckers fly upward and scream a warning, which helps the symbiont (a name for the other partner in a relationship).

65. Bacteria in your Guts There are good bacteria that live in the human digestive tract The bacteria help break down food They get food and a nice place to live, and we get aid in digestion!

66. Flowers and Bees Bees fly from flower to flower gathering nectar, which they make into food, benefiting the bees. When they land on a flower, the bees get some pollen on their hairy bodies, and when they land in the next flower, some of the pollen from the first one rubs off, pollinating the plant. This benefits the plants. In this symbiotic relationship, the bees get to eat, and the flowering plants get to reproduce.

68. Commensalism When one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped Ex: shark and remora fish (fish get free food, protection and ride) Barnacles and whale Orchid atop palm trees (flower closer to sun) Eyebrow mites and people! (mites get free food, we don’t even know they are there!)

70. Barnacles live on Gray Whales

71. Parasitism Parasites are small animals that live off larger “host” animals Parasite benefits, host is harmed Parasites must be careful though. If they sap too much energy from a host, they too will die Ex: leech, ticks, tapeworm, malaria

72. Hookworms feed off your intestines!

73. Tapeworm

75. Food Chains

76. Food Chain: Feeding relationships in which a series of organisms pass food energy to each other

77. Food Chain: Sunlight is essential for most food chains Plants use the Sun’s energy to make their own food – starch – which they store in their leaves Herbivores eat the plants (rabbits) Carnivores or omnivores eat herbivores They, in turn, are eaten by other carnivores

78. Humans are just another link on the food chain!

79. Producers Consumers Decomposers Energy Flow: Least amount of energy Most Energy

80. Energy Pyramid: Producers (autotrophs): make their own food and possess the greatest amount of energy (leaves, grasses, algae) Primary (1 st ) Consumers: eat the leaves, grasses, algae, etc. Ex: grasshoppers, crickets Secondary (2 nd ) Consumers: eat the primary consumers. Ex: frogs Tertiary (3 rd ) Consumers: eat the secondary consumers. Ex: snakes, hawks, owls, lions Decomposers: break down dead animals and plants (possess the least amount of energy)

82. Food Webs: In order to meet their energy requirements, most animals are a part of more than one food chain. Not many animals feed on only one kind of food The risk of becoming overly dependent would be too great. These interconnected food chains form a food web Food webs are more accurate than food chains in representing what actually goes on in nature

83. Microbes decade organic matter and use up dissolved oxygen No more dissolved oxygen and fish die 

84. Healthy lake Pollution, heavy in organic matter, enters lake