1. Dr Stefan Krause, Keele University, s.krause@esci.keele.ac.uk C-Change in GEES: Human Pressures on the Environment – Sustainable Development C-Change in GEES Human Pressures on the Environment Session 7 Session 7: Sustainable Development

2. Dr Stefan Krause, Keele University, s.krause@esci.keele.ac.uk C-Change in GEES: Human Pressures on the Environment – Sustainable Development How to use the teaching slides  These slides are not intended to form a complete lecture on the session topic.  These resources are designed to suggest a framework to help tutors develop their own lecture material  The resource slides comprise where appropriate; key points, case studies, images, references and further resources.  There are limited case studies included. Students can develop their own portfolio of case studies as part of coursework activities  These resources may be used for educational purposes only, for other uses please contact the author  These slides were last updated in December 2009

3. Dr Stefan Krause, Keele University, s.krause@esci.keele.ac.uk C-Change in GEES: Human Pressures on the Environment – Sustainable Development Disclaimer  Links within this presentation may lead to other sites. These are provided for convenience only. We do not sponsor, endorse or otherwise approve of any information or statements appearing in those sites. The author is not responsible for the availability of, or the content located on or through, any such external site.  While every effort and care has been taken in preparing the content of this presentation, the author disclaims all warranties, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy of the information in any of the content. The author also (to the extent permitted by law) shall not be liable for any losses or damages arising from the use of, or reliance on, the information. The author is also not liable for any losses or damages arising from the use of, or reliance on sites linked to this site, or the internet generally.  Pictures, photographs and diagrams within this presentation have been produced by the author unless otherwise stipulated  No content within this resource is knowingly an infringement of copyright. Any infringement can be immediately rectified on notification of the author of the resource

4. Dr Stefan Krause, Keele University, s.krause@esci.keele.ac.uk C-Change in GEES: Human Pressures on the Environment – Sustainable Development Session Outline What is sustainability? Strong versus weak sustainability Sustainable development policy: Agenda 21 EU Water Framework Directive EU Groundwater Directive EU Nitrate Directive The UK Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act Global Climate Change Politics

5. Dr Stefan Krause, Keele University, s.krause@esci.keele.ac.uk C-Change in GEES: Human Pressures on the Environment – Sustainable Development A characteristic of a process or state that can be maintained at a certain level indefinitely. Environmental sustainability: sustainability of vital human ecological support systems, such as the planet's climatic system, systems of agriculture, industry, forestry, and fisheries, and human communities in general. Sustainable development: "Meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.“ (Brundtland Commission, 1987) (Amongst a host of other definitions) Sustainability Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare. MIT Course Instructor Adams, Eric; Connor, Jerome; Ochsendorf, John

6. Dr Stefan Krause, Keele University, s.krause@esci.keele.ac.uk C-Change in GEES: Human Pressures on the Environment – Sustainable Development Overpopulation combined with current lifestyle patterns (is a population exceeding six billion too great to support sustainably?) Material consumption levels are distributed unevenly (pressure of a US resident much more than that of a Somalia resident). World population is continuing to grow - increasing pressure on arable land, water, energy, and biological resources to provide enough food while supporting viable ecosystems. World population is projected to grow from over 6 billion to as high as 10.6 billion within the next 50 years (UN Population Division, 2006). Technological salvation? Malthusian crisis? Or somewhere in between? Sustainability Current Challenges

7. Dr Stefan Krause, Keele University, s.krause@esci.keele.ac.uk C-Change in GEES: Human Pressures on the Environment – Sustainable Development Sustainable Development Strong Sustainability Maintaining a steady stock of natural capital Based on belief that natural capital cannot be substituted for man made capital (or social capital) Weak Sustainability Maintaining a steady stock of total capital Natural and man made (and social?) capital are interchangeable In an economists understanding of the world, everything can be understood as having a value, whether it is nature (natural capital) or money/property/assets (man made capital) Neumayer, E. (2003) ‘Weak versus Strong Sustainability: Exploring the Limits of Two Opposing Paradigms’ 2 nd Ed. Edward Elgar

8. Dr Stefan Krause, Keele University, s.krause@esci.keele.ac.uk C-Change in GEES: Human Pressures on the Environment – Sustainable Development Program run by the United Nations related to sustainable development Blueprint of action to be taken globally, nationally and locally by organisations of the UN, governments, and major groups in every area in which humans impact on the environment The number 21 refers to the 21st century Rio - Earth Summit Agenda 21 revealed at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro (179 governments voted to adopt the program) Rio+5 In 1997, the UN General Assembly held a special session to appraise five years of progress on the implementation of Agenda 21 (Rio +5). The Assembly recognised progress as 'uneven' and identified key trends including increasing globalisation, widening inequalities in income and a continued deterioration of the global environment. A new General Assembly Resolution (S-19/2) promised further action. The Johannesburg Summit The Johannesburg Plan of Implementation, agreed at the World Summit on Sustainable Development (Earth Summit 2002) affirmed the UN commitment to 'full implementation' of Agenda 21, alongside achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and other international agreements. Sustainable Development Agenda 21

9. Dr Stefan Krause, Keele University, s.krause@esci.keele.ac.uk C-Change in GEES: Human Pressures on the Environment – Sustainable Development Section I: Social and Economic Dimensions including combating poverty, changing consumption patterns, population and demographic dynamics, promoting health, promoting sustainable settlement patterns and integrating environment and development into decision-making. Section II: Conservation and Management of Resources for Development including atmospheric protection, combating deforestation, protecting fragile environments, conservation of biological diversity (biodiversity), and control of pollution. Section III: Strengthening the Role of Major Groups including the roles of children and youth, women, NGOs, local authorities, business and workers. Section IV: Means of Implementation including science, technology transfer, education, international institutions and mechanisms and financial mechanisms. Sustainable Development Agenda 21 A strong message of citizenship and responsibility: ‘think globally, act locally’ But implementation strategies poorly outlined and insufficient focus on incentives, targets, monitoring and accountability All encompassing of social groups and institutions But vague on specific ways in which groups can be mobilised/participate in decision making

10. Dr Stefan Krause, Keele University, s.krause@esci.keele.ac.uk C-Change in GEES: Human Pressures on the Environment – Sustainable Development Adopted: October 2000 The product of a consultation process which involved local authorities, water users and NGOs – and the 1996 Water Conference Outlines plans for cleaned polluted water and preventing the pollution of clean water – aims for ‘good status’ in all water bodies by 2015 Aims of the Water Framework Directive: expanding the scope of water protection to all waters, surface waters and groundwater achieving "good status" for all waters by a set deadline water management based on river basins "combined approach" of emission limit values and quality standards getting the prices right getting the citizen involved more closely streamlining legislation EU Water Framework Directive

11. Dr Stefan Krause, Keele University, s.krause@esci.keele.ac.uk C-Change in GEES: Human Pressures on the Environment – Sustainable Development EU Groundwater Directive Component of the EU Water Framework Directive Outlines plans for achieving good (quantitative and chemical) groundwater status by 2015 Includes the establishment of groundwater monitoring networks to provide a comprehensive overview of groundwater chemical and quantitative status River Basin Management Plans: summary of pressures and impacts of human activity on groundwater status, a presentation in map form of monitoring results, a summary of the economic analysis of water use, a summary of protection programmes, control or remediation measures, etc. Establishment of registers of protected areas within each river basin district

12. Dr Stefan Krause, Keele University, s.krause@esci.keele.ac.uk C-Change in GEES: Human Pressures on the Environment – Sustainable Development EU Nitrates Directive Adopted: 1991 Aim to ensure that groundwater nitrate concentrations do not exceed 50 mg/l. Protects water bodies against pollution from nitrates from agricultural sources Requires member states to set up action programmes No time limit set on its implementation and EU member states have been slow to adopt targets within national law

13. Dr Stefan Krause, Keele University, s.krause@esci.keele.ac.uk C-Change in GEES: Human Pressures on the Environment – Sustainable Development Act of Parliament aiming to boost the number of heat and electricity microgeneration installations in the UK Objective: helping to cut carbon emissions and reduce fuel poverty The act requires that the Secretary of State (DEFRA) reports annually on the year’s greenhouse gas emissions and requires local authorities to take action on a new national 'energy measures report' Also requires the setting of national microgeneration targets (these have been included within the UK Climate Change Bill) For the purposes of the Act, microgeneration technologies include: biomass, biofuels, fuel cells, photovoltaics, water (including wave power and tidal power), wind power, solar power, geothermal sources, combined heat and power systems The Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006

14. Dr Stefan Krause, Keele University, s.krause@esci.keele.ac.uk C-Change in GEES: Human Pressures on the Environment – Sustainable Development Global Climate Change Politics Important points of contention remain: Maximum temperature change limits Inclusion of emissions targets for developing countries Amount of adaptation aid made available by developed countries Overall regulation of carbon emissions UN Climate Change Conference 2009 – Copenhagen USA and China the most powerful contributors, however significant mobilisation of developing countries Copenhagen Accord was drafted by US, China, Brazil, India and South Africa, although it was not agreed upon universally

15. Dr Stefan Krause, Keele University, s.krause@esci.keele.ac.uk C-Change in GEES: Human Pressures on the Environment – Sustainable Development Summary Sustainability is a contentious term – acceptance of strong or weak sustainability definition makes significant difference Overview of EU policies aimed at addressing some important issues in sustainability Climate change, one of the most talked about of all environmental sustainability issues, has a problematic politics associated with it – environmental justice issues remain unresolved

16. Dr Stefan Krause, Keele University, s.krause@esci.keele.ac.uk C-Change in GEES: Human Pressures on the Environment – Sustainable Development This resource was created by the University of Keele and released as an open educational resource through the 'C-change in GEES' project exploring the open licensing of climate change and sustainability resources in the Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences. The C-change in GEES project was funded by HEFCE as part of the JISC/HE Academy UKOER programme and coordinated by the GEES Subject Centre. This resource is licensed under the terms of the Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/).http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/ However the resource, where specified below, contains other 3rd party materials under their own licenses. The licenses and attributions are outlined below: 1.The name of the University of Keele and its logos are unregistered trade marks of the University. The University reserves all rights to these items beyond their inclusion in these CC resources. 2.The JISC logo, the C-change logo and the logo of the Higher Education Academy Subject Centre for the Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution -non-commercial-No Derivative Works 2.0 UK England & Wales license. All reproductions must comply with the terms of that license

17. Dr Stefan Krause, Keele University, s.krause@esci.keele.ac.uk C-Change in GEES: Human Pressures on the Environment – Sustainable Development AuthorDr Stefan Krause Stephen Whitfield Institute – OwnerKeele University, School of Physical and Geographical Sciences TitleSustainable Development Powerpoint Presentation Date CreatedJanuary 2010 DescriptionSustainable Development – Powerpoint Presentation – Part Seven of Human Pressures on the Environment Educational Level1 Keywords (Primary keywords – UKOER & GEESOER) UKOER, GEESOER, EU Directive, Climate Change, Politics Creative Commons LicenseAttribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales Item Metadata