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Classification copyright cmassengale1. Species of Organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms.

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Presentation on theme: "Classification copyright cmassengale1. Species of Organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms."— Presentation transcript:

1 Classification copyright cmassengale1

2 Species of Organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!! This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!! New organisms are still being found and identified New organisms are still being found and identified copyright cmassengale 2

3 What is Classification? O Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities O Classification is also known as taxonomy O Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms copyright cmassengale 3

4 Benefits of Classifying Accurately & uniformly names organisms Accurately & uniformly names organisms Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names copyright cmassengale 4 Sea”horse”? ?

5 Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names copyright cmassengale 5

6 Early Taxonomists 2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist 2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animals Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animals He subdivided them by their habitat --- land, sea, or air dwellers He subdivided them by their habitat --- land, sea, or air dwellers copyright cmassengale 6

7 Carolus Linnaeus 1707 – 1778 18th century taxonomist Classified organisms by their structure Developed naming system still used today copyright cmassengale 7

8 Carolus Linnaeus Called the “Father of Taxonomy” Called the “Father of Taxonomy” Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Two-word name (Genus & species) Two-word name (Genus & species) copyright cmassengale 8

9 Standardized Naming Binomial nomenclature used Binomial nomenclature used Genus species Genus species Latin or Greek Latin or Greek Italicized in print Italicized in print Capitalize genus, but NOT species Capitalize genus, but NOT species Underline when writing Underline when writing copyright cmassengale 9 Turdus migratorius American Robin

10 Binomial Nomenclature copyright cmassengale 10 Which TWO are more closely related?

11 Classification Groups Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species O copyright cmassengale 11

12 Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups O Domain O Kingdom O Phylum (Division – used for plants) O Class O Order O Family O Genus O Species copyright cmassengale 12 BROADEST TAXON Most Specific

13 O Dumb O King O Phillip O Came O Over O For O Gooseberr y O Soup! copyright cmassengale 13

14 copyright cmassengale 14

15 Domains Broadest, most inclusive taxon Broadest, most inclusive taxon Three domains Three domains Archaea and Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Archaea and Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane- bound organelles Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane- bound organelles copyright cmassengale 15

16 ARCHAEA Kingdom - ARCHAEBACTERIA Probably the 1 st cells to evolve Live in HARSH environments Found in: – Sewage Treatment Plants (Methanogens) – Thermal or Volcanic Vents (Thermophiles) – Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid – Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake) - Halophiles copyright cmassengale 16

17 copyright cmassengale 17 ARCHAEAN

18 BACTERIA Kingdom - EUBACTERIA Some may cause DISEASE Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones Important decomposers for environment Commercially important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc. copyright cmassengale 18

19 copyright cmassengale 19 Live in the intestines of animals

20 Domain Eukarya is Divided into Kingdoms Protista (protozoans, algae…) Protista (protozoans, algae…) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) Plantae (multicellular plants) Plantae (multicellular plants) Animalia (multicellular animals) Animalia (multicellular animals) O copyright cmassengale 20

21 Protista copyright cmassengale 21 Most are unicellular Most are unicellular Some are multicellular Some are multicellular Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic Aquatic Aquatic

22 Fungi Multicellular, except yeast Multicellular, except yeast Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Cell walls made of chitin Cell walls made of chitin copyright cmassengale 22

23 Plantae copyright cmassengale 23 Multicellular Multicellular Autotrophic Autotrophic Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Cell walls made of cellulose Cell walls made of cellulose

24 Animalia Multicellular Multicellular Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Feed on plants or animals Feed on plants or animals copyright cmassengale 24

25 copyright cmassengale 25

26 Taxons Most genera contain a number of similar species Most genera contain a number of similar species The genus Homo is an exception (only contains modern humans) The genus Homo is an exception (only contains modern humans) evolutionary relationships Classification is based on evolutionary relationships copyright cmassengale 26

27 copyright cmassengale 27

28 Cladogram O Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales copyright cmassengale 28

29 Primate Cladogram copyright cmassengale 29

30 Dichotomous Keying Used to identify organisms Used to identify organisms Characteristics given in pairs Characteristics given in pairs Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism copyright cmassengale 30

31 Example of Dichotomous Key copyright cmassengale 31 O 1a Tentacles present – Go to 2 O 1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3 O 2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus O 2b More than 8 tentacles – 3 O 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4 O 3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone O 4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish O 4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5

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