1. What surrounds the stomata in a plant leaf that allows water, oxygen and carbon dioxide to enter and leave? Guard Cells 1

2. What is the name of the tissue that moves food (sugar) from the leaves to other parts of the plant? phloem 2

3. Which two of the following are not seedless, nonvascular plants? horsetails, liverworts, mosses, ferns horsetails, ferns 3

4. What is the chemical compound that composes the cell wall of plants to help give a plant its structure and support? cellulose 4

5. What is the classification of flowering plants with two cotyledons in their seeds? What is the cotyledon? Dicot; the food supply 5

6. What is the name given to the first plants to grow in a new or disturbed environment? What is an example? Pioneer species; mosses 6

7. Name three things that are more available on land than in water that are related to plant life cycles. sunlight, oxygen, carbon dioxide 7

8. Describe photosynthesis. The process in which a plant captures light energy and combines with water and carbon dioxide to produce glucose (sugar) and oxygen 8

9. What is the major function of the leaves? To make food 9

10. Why are there less fossils of plants than animals? Plants tend to decompose before they are able to fossilize 10

11. What do you call the waxy layer on stems and leaves? cuticle 11

12. What are the names of two pigments that give plants their color and are used for photosynthesis? Chlorophyll, carotenoids 12

13. What part of the cell helps regulate the water content of the cell? central vacuole 13

14. What is the primary difference between vascular and non-vascular plants? Vascular plants contain tube-like structures that carry water and nutrients throughout the plant 14

15. How do seedless plants reproduce? spores 15

16. What is the name for threadlike structures that anchor non-vascular plants to a surface? rhizoids 16

17. What is the most abundant seedless vascular plant? ferns 17

18. What are the leaves of a fern called? fronds 18

19. What is the association between ferns and coal? Ferns decay and decompose in bogs and over millions of years compress and compact to form “peat” and then eventually coal. 19

20. What layer of the leaves produces the food? palisades layer 20

21. What are the two primary classifications of seed plants. Underline which group has the oldest trees. Circle the group that is associated with evergreens. Gymnosperms, Angiosperms gymnosperms are older 21

22. What vascular plant group has flowers and produces seeds inside fruits? Angiosperms 22

23. What is the name of the tissue that produces phloem and xylem cells? cambium 23

24. Name 4 characteristics of seed plants. roots, stems, leaves, vascular tissue 24

25. What vascular tissue transports water throughout the plant? xylem 25

26. Name two functions of the plant roots. Absorb food and water from its surroundings; store food and water; anchor the plant to the ground 26

27. Name three functions of the plant stem. stores food; supports the plant above ground; transports materials between the roots and leaves 27

28. Name two differences between monocots and dicots. 28 MONOCOTSDICOTS One cotyledonTwo cotyledon Leaves are generally narrow and veins are parallel Leaves have veins in a branched network Flower parts in groups of three; Also, vascular tissues are scattered throughout the stem Flower parts in groups of 4 or 5; Also, vascular bundles are in rings

29. What is the name for the small openings in the epidermis that allow water, oxygen and carbon dioxide to enter and exit the leaf? Stomata 29

30. Scientists hypothesize that plants evolved directly from what? Green Algae 30

31. What primary adaptation did plants require to live on land? The ability to conserve and retain its water; cuticles, cell walls and a central vacuole are examples of adaptations 31

32. Why do you expect vascular plants to grow larger than non-vascular plants? They are able to transport nutrients and water much greater distances throughout their structure. 32

33. Name three parts of a seed. Seed coat, cotyledon, embryo 33

34. Name two different types of plant / tree stems? Herbaceous stems and woody stems 34

35. How are pioneer species beneficial? They are the first species to grow in a new or disturbed environment and provide the source for other organisms to move into the area. 35

36. 1.Without plants, most life on Earth as we know it would not be possible. Why? 1) plants provide an energy source for consumer organisms 2) through photosynthesis oxygen is produced 36