1. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Table of Contents Chapter Preview 7.1 Understanding Solutions 7.2 Concentration and Solubility 7.3 Describing Acids and Bases 7.4 Acids and Bases in Solution

2. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Chapter Preview Questions 1. A solution is an example of a a. homogeneous colloid. b. heterogeneous colloid. c. homogeneous mixture. d. heterogeneous mixture.

3. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Chapter Preview Questions 1. A solution is an example of a a. homogeneous colloid. b. heterogeneous colloid. c. homogeneous mixture. d. heterogeneous mixture.

4. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Chapter Preview Questions 2. Magnesium sulfide and aluminum fluoride are a. ionic compounds. b. molecular compounds. c. covalent electrons. d. radioactive elements.

5. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Chapter Preview Questions 2. Magnesium sulfide and aluminum fluoride are a. ionic compounds. b. molecular compounds. c. covalent electrons. d. radioactive elements.

6. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Chapter Preview Questions 3. When dissolved in water, ionic compounds a. conduct electricity. b. make the water cloudy. c. form double and triple bonds. d. do not conduct electricity.

7. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Chapter Preview Questions 3. When dissolved in water, ionic compounds a. conduct electricity. b. make the water cloudy. c. form double and triple bonds. d. do not conduct electricity.

8. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Chapter Preview Questions 4. When dissolved in water, molecular compounds a. conduct electricity. b. make the water cloudy. c. form double and triple bonds. d. do not conduct electricity.

9. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Chapter Preview Questions 4. When dissolved in water, molecular compounds a. conduct electricity. b. make the water cloudy. c. form double and triple bonds. d. do not conduct electricity.

10. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Suppose you dissolve a teaspoon of salt in a glass of water. Is it possible to recover the salt from the water? Explain. What are some characteristics of acids and bases?

11. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions End of Chapter Preview

12. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Section 1: Understanding Solutions What are the characteristics of solutions, colloids, and suspensions? What happens to the particles of a solute when a solution forms? How do solutes affect the freezing point and boiling point of a solvent?

13. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions SOLUTION Uniform mixture that contains a SOLVENT and atleast one SOLUTE Cannot see individual particles Can usually be separated by evaporation

14. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions SOLVENT Solvent : The part of the solution present in the largest amount – It dissolves the other substance

15. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions SOLUTE Solute: The part of the solution present in the smaller amount – It is dissolved by the solvent

16. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions SOLUTE IS UNIQUE!!! It has the ability to raise boiling points and lower freezing points. EXAMPLES: 1. Salt in water- increases boiling points 2. Salt on icy roads- decrease freezing points.

17. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Effects of Solutes on Solvents Solutes lower the freezing point and raise the boiling point of a solvent. Solid (frozen) water Liquid water solution

18. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions A Solution can be with water… A solution has the same properties throughout. It contains solute particles (molecules or ions) that are too small to see but dissolved in water “ Universal Solvent”- most common SOLVENT in the world. EXAMPLES: Salt Water and Blood

19. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions A Solution can sometimes be without water… Solutions can be formed from any combination of solids, liquids, and gases. EXAMPLES: AIR: CO2, O2, N2 SODA- Water, CO2 gas

20. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions 2 Types of Solutions IONIC: Positive and negative ions are attracted to water molecules 1.Conducts electricity…..example: salt water (Na+ Cl-) MOLECULAR: Neutral molecules with covalent bonds (share) 1. Doesn’t conduct electricity…example: Sugar water.

21. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Colloids and Suspensions Colloids and suspensions are mixtures that have different properties than solutions.

22. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions COLLOIDS VS. SUSPENSIONS Colloids: Contain large molecules Ex. Fat and protein in milk still too small to be seen but scatter light. SUSPENSIONS: Contain visible particles that are larger than particles in solutions or colloids. EX: Pepper in water…Snow globe

23. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Salt Dissolving in Water Activity Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about salt dissolving in water.

24. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Universal Solvent Click the Video button to watch a movie about universal solvent.

25. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions End of Section: Understanding Solutions

26. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Section 2: Concentration and Solubility How is concentration measured? Why is solubility useful in identifying substances? What factors affect the solubility of a substance?

27. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions CONCENTRATION Compare the amount of solute to the total solution. Depends on : 1.SOLUTE: Present in solution (dissolved). 2.SOLUTION: mixture containing the solute and solvent.

28. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions 2 types of concentrated Solutions: DILUTED SOLUTION: A little solute is dissolved compared to that of the solvent. CONCENTRATED SOLUTION: A lot of solute dissolved compared to that of the solvent.

29. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Solubility Solubility is a measure of how much solute can dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature. ***CAN BE USED TO IDENTIFY- SUBSTANCES because it’s a property of Matter!!!

30. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions 2 Types of SOLUTIONS: 1.SATURATED SOLUTION: So much solute that there is no more that will dissolve in solution. CAN LEAD TO… ------SUPER- SATURATED SOLUTION: More dissolved solute than is predicted by the solubility at that temperature. 2. UNSATURATED SOLUTION: Can continue to add or dissolve more solute.

31. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions FACTORS THAT AFFECT SOLUBILITY 1.Pressure: Increase pressure- solubility increases. EX: Adding CO2 to soda causes high pressure. 2.Solvents: Some solvents and solutes are not compatible. EX: Oil and Water 3.Temp: Decrease solubility in liquids when Temperature increases. EX: CO2 dissolves better in Cold liquid…warm soda is flat.

32. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Temperature and Solubility The solubility of the compound potassium nitrate (KNO 3 ) varies in water at different temperatures.

33. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Temperature and Solubility KNO 3 is least soluble at 0ºC. Reading Graphs: At which temperature shown in the graph is KNO 3 least soluble in water?

34. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Temperature and Solubility Approximately 65 g of KNO 3 are needed to saturate a water solution at 40ºC. Reading Graphs: Approximately what mass of KNO 3 is needed to saturate a water solution at 40ºC?

35. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Temperature and Solubility KNO 3 is about twice as soluble at 40ºC as it is at 20ºC. Calculating: About how much more soluble is KNO 3 at 40ºC than at 20ºC?

36. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Temperature and Solubility No; the curve shows that solubility increases more with each 20ºC increase in temperature. Interpreting Data: Does solubility increase at the same rate with every 20ºC increase in temperature? Explain.

37. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Links on Solubility Click the SciLinks button for links on solubility.

38. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions End of Section: Concentration and Solubility

39. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Section 3: Describing Acids and Bases What are the properties of acids and bases? Where are acids and bases commonly used?

40. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Properties of Acids and Bases Litmus is an example of an indicator, a compound that changes color when in contact with an acid or a base.

41. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Uses of Acids and Bases Acids and bases have many uses around the home and in industry.

42. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Uses of Acids and Bases Acids and bases have many uses around the home and in industry.

43. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Uses of Acids and Bases Acids and bases have many uses around the home and in industry.

44. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Uses of Acids and Bases Acids and bases have many uses around the home and in industry.

45. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Uses of Acids and Bases Acids and bases have many uses around the home and in industry.

46. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Uses of Acids and Bases Acids and bases have many uses around the home and in industry.

47. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Uses of Acids and Bases Acids and bases have many uses around the home and in industry.

48. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Uses of Acids and Bases Acids and bases have many uses around the home and in industry.

49. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Uses of Acids and Bases Acids and bases have many uses around the home and in industry.

50. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Uses of Acids and Bases Acids and bases have many uses around the home and in industry.

51. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Uses of Acids and Bases Acids and bases have many uses around the home and in industry.

52. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Uses of Acids and Bases Acids and bases have many uses around the home and in industry.

53. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Links on Acids and Bases Click the SciLinks button for links on acids and bases.

54. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions End of Section: Describing Acids and Bases

55. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Section 4: Acids and Bases in Solution What kinds of ions do acids and bases form in water? What does pH tell you about a solution? What happens in a neutralization reaction?

56. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Acids and Bases in Solution The table lists some commonly encountered acids and bases.

57. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Strength of Acids and Bases Strong acids and weak acids act differently in water. Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid. Acetic acid is a weak acid.

58. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions The pH Scale A low pH indicates that the concentration of hydrogen ions is big. In contrast, a high pH indicates that the concentration of hydrogen ions is low.

59. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Acid-Base Reactions In a neutralization reaction, an acid reacts with a base to produce a salt and water.

60. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions Acid-Base Reactions Each salt listed in this table can be formed by the reaction between an acid and a base.

61. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions More on the pH Scale Click the PHSchool.com button for an activity about the pH scale.

62. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions pH Click the Video button to watch a movie about pH.

63. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions End of Section: Acids and Bases in Solution

64. Chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Solutions QuickTake Quiz Click to start quiz.