1. Biochemistry of blood cells

2. Functions of blood 1.Gas transport – blood carries oxygen from lung to the tissues and carbon dioxide in reverse direction. 2. Transport of nutritional substances for all cells (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, ketone bodies, microelements etc.). Blood carries final products of metabolism (urea, uric acid, bilirubin, creatinin etc.) from tissues to kidney, where from they excreted with urine. 3. Regulation of different processes. Blood creates and carries local hormones (hormonoids) to the target organs.

3. Functions of blood 4. Thermoregulation – heat change between tissues and blood. 5. Osmotic function – maintenance of the osmotic pressure in blood vessels. 6. Protective function – blood has antibodies and leucocytes, which perform phagocytosis. 7. Detoxification – blood enzymes can neutralize (split) different toxic substances.

4. 1- Specific gravity – 1.02 -1-030; 2- PH – 7.36-7.44; 3- Osmotic pressure about 7.6 atmospher 4- Oncotic pressure – 0.02 atmospher

5. Amount of blood The amount of blood in the body has been measured in various ways. Naturally the volume of blood can be expected to vary with the size of the body The blood volume of an adult human of average size is about 6-8 % (in man – 52- 83 mL/kg; woman – 50-75 mL/kg)

7. Blood Blood is a fluid connective tissue. Blood consist of - plasma - blood cells – erythrocytes, leucocytes and platelets

8. Components of Whole Blood Withdraw blood and place in tube 1 2 Centrifuge Plasma (55% of whole blood) Formed elements Buffy coat: leukocyctes and platelets (<1% of whole blood) Erythrocytes (45% of whole blood) Hematocrit Males: 47% ± 5% Females: 42% ± 5%

11. Plasma The liquid portion of circulating blood is called the plasma. The red cells, white cells, and blood platelets float in this liquid medium. Water – 90 % Solids – 10 % Inorganic chemicals: sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, sulfate – 0,9 % Organic chemicals: Proteins: serum albumin, serum globulin, fibrinogen – 8 % Others: – 1,1 %

12. Plasma Nonprotein nitrogenous substances: urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, ammonium salts, amino acids Nonnitrogenous substances: glucose, fats, cholesterol hormones Gases: oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen

13. Proteins One liter of plasma has 65-85 gram of proteins. Concentration of: albumins is 35-50 g/L; globulins is alpha-1-globulins – 1-4 g/L, alpha-2-globulins – 4-8 g/L, beta-globulins – 6-12 g/L, gamma-globulins – 8-16 g/L; fibrinogen – 2-4 g/L. Plasma which are not contain fibrinogen called serum (it is necessary for understanding the immunology, therapy etc.)

14. Quantity of cells, their changing Erythrocytes In men – 4,0-5,1 Tera/L; in women – 3,7-4,7 Tera/L. The quantity of erythrocytes may be increase – in pregnancy, in physical training, mental work, in newborn or decrease. Leukocytes - 4-9 Giga/L. The number of leukocytes can increase – physical work, emotional load, in newborn, inflammation or decrease. Platelates - 180-320 Giga/L.

16. Cells of blood

17. Quantity of leukocytes and their changes White cells are nucleated and somewhat variable in size and shape. Their number is 4-9 Giga per liter. The number of lymphocytes are – 18-37 %, monocytes – 3-11 %, eosinophils –0,5-5 %, basophils – 0-1 %, juvenile neutrophile – 0-1 %, relating to stab (rod-shaped) neutrophil – 1-6 %, segmented neutrophil – 47-72 %. The number of leukocytes may increase or decrease.

19. Blood cells Neutrophils Function – protection against infections 60-70% of all leucocytes Main source of energy – glucose in glycolysis (small amount of mitochondria) Hundreds of granules (contain hydrolyses, peroxidases, phosphatases, lysocim....)

20. Phagocytosis Oxygen burst – marked consumption of oxygen in phagocytosis Active radicals are formed (kill bacteria) NАDPН-оxidase NADН-оxidase mieloperoxidase

21. Basophils Produce a lot of histamine, serotonin, heparin Energy mainly from oxidative phosphorylation Function – allergic reactions, blood clotting 1-5 % of all leucocytes

22. Eosinophils Amount is increased in helmintosis, organism sensibilization, alergy Function – protection from microorganisms, allergic reactions 3-6 % of all leucocytes

23. Monocytes Function – phagocytosis, exit into tissues – tissue macrophages 4-8 % of all leucocytes Are accumulated in the place of inflammation A lot of lysosomal hydrolases Aerobic pathway of energy obtaining prevails

24. Lymphocytes Function – formation of humoral and cell immunity 20-25 % of all leucocytes. Intensive synthesis of protein - immunoglobulins Т- і В-limphocytes Energy mainly from glycolysis

25. Lymphocytes Physiological role of T-lymphocytes (There are receptors to antigens on the membrane of T- lymphocytes, which helps to distinguish genetic heterologous substances.) Functional significance of B-lymphocytes (B- lymphocytes syntheses the immunoglobulins such as IgM, IgN, IgA, IgG, IgB, IgE.)

26. Physiological role of T-lymphocytes 1. Immune memory 2. Anti viruses immunity 3. Anti tissue immunity 4. Regulate phagocytosis Function of В-lymphocytes 1. Immune memory. 2. Specific immunity. B-lymphocytes syntheses the immunoglobulins such as IgM, IgN, IgA, IgG, IgB, IgE.

27. Thrombocytes Function – formation of blood clot <1 % of all leucocytes 2 types of granules: dense (АТP, serotonin, catecholamines); аlpha-granules - lysosomes Synthesize actin, myosin, troponin Synthesize prostaglandins and thromboxans Main reactions: adhesion, aggregation, secretion

29. Erythrocytes Function – transport of gases Do not contain nucleus and mitochondria Main protein – hemoglobin (35 %) Energy – from glycolisis Life span – 120 days Formation is stimulated by erythropoetin

30. Erythrocytes