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CHAPTER 12 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CR h_dAzXuoU
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Fluid connective tissue Blood cells are suspended in a liquid extracellular matrix (plasma) Blood, heart, and blood vessels form the cardiovascular system Transports nutrients, wastes, body heat, gases, etc. throughout body promoting homeostasis Average-size adult blood volume = 5 liters (males 5-6, females 4-5) Mostly produced in bone marrow
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Erythrocytes (red blood cells) 45% of blood volume*hematocrit (HCT): % volume Gas transport (O 2 )of blood Leukocytes (white blood cells) >1% of blood volume Fight disease Thrombocytes (platelets) >1% of blood volume Blood clotting Plasma 55% of blood volume Clear, straw-colored, non-living fluid matrix -water, amino acids, proteins, carbs, lipids, wastes, etc.
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Biconcave discs; increases surface area to carry gases Contains hemoglobin(Hb): iron bearing protein that gives blood its color Oxyhemoglobin: bright red Deoxyhemoglobin: dark red RBC count (# can increase if there is more O 2 ) males 4,600,000-6,200,000 cells per microliter females 4,200,000-5,400,000 cells per microliter 120 day life span Erythropoietin: hormone that controls the rate of blood formation
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Anemia: a decrease in the O 2 – carrying ability of blood due to a low # of RBC’s or deficient amount of hemoglobin. Symptoms= pale, low energy Sickle Cell: a single DNA base change causes an incorrect amino acid -RBC in shape of a sickle -low O 2 -blood clots/damaged organs -carriers resistant to malaria
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Protect against disease Phagocytize bacterial cells produce antibodies that destroy foreign particles Diapedesis: squeezing through blood vessel walls Blood transports WBC’s to sites of infection
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2 main types (pg. nb 323/326) o Granulocytes (WBC’s with granular cytoplasm) o Neutrophils:engulf small particles o Eosinophils: attack parasites and control allergic reactions o Basophils: release heparin(blood-clot inhibiting substance) o Agranulocytes (WBC’s without granules) o Monocytes: engulf large objects o Lymphocytes: play an important role in immunity
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WBC count 4,500-10,000 per mm 3 Leukocytosis: WBC count over 10,000 indicating acute infection appendicitis, leukemia Leukopenia: WBC count below 5,000 -typhoid fever, influenze, measles, AIDs, chickenpox
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THROMBOCYTES -Fragments of bizarre multinucleate cells called megakaryocytes -Platelet count varies from 130,000-360,000 -Help close breaks in damaged blood vessels PLASMA -92% water -Transport substances, regulate fluid balance, and maintain pH (7.35-7.45)
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Hemostasis The stoppage of bleeding Vasospasm: contraction of smooth muscles Platelet plug (pg. 330) Coagulation: forms blood clot using clotting factors -thrombus- abnormal blood clot -embolus-moving blood clot
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Artherosclerosis: accumulations of fatty deposits initiating inappropriate clotting Hemophilia: abnormalities in the clotting factor causing severe hemorrhaging after minor injuries. Von Willebrand disease: tendency to bleed and bruise easily
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Antigens: molecules on the surface of RBC’s that stimulates cells to produce antibodies. Antibodies: protein found in the plasma that cells of the immune system produce in response to the presence of a nonself antigen ABO blood groups: Based on the presence of two major protein antigens: A and B 4 blood types: A, B, AB, O
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ABO BLOOD ANTIGENS
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Blood type% in U.SAntigenAntibodyAccepts in transfusion A41%ABA, O B9%BAB, O AB3%ABNONEA, B, AB, O *UNIVERSAL ACCEPTOR O47%NONEABO ONLY *UNIVERSAL DONOR
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Agglutination: clumping of RBC’s following a transfusion reaction between wrong blood types; can be fatal Rh factor Antigen D Studied in Rhesus monkey Rh- (no antigen D) Rh+ (has antigen D) 1 st transfusion of Rh- getting Rh+ blood, they will be o.k; 2 nd time blood will agglutinate Only 15% of US is Rh- Erythroblatosis fetalis: Rh- mom Rh+ fetus; receive RhoGAM (pg 335)
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Heterozygous (different alleles) AB, AO, BO Homozygous (same alleles) OO, AA, BB O O AB x OO A B Genotype Genetic make up 50% AO 50% BO Phenotype Physical make up 50% A blood 50% B blood AO BO
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AA x BB Genotype: Phenotype: OO x AO Genotype: Phenotype:
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Blood Type A B AB O Homozygous AABB AB OO Heterozygous AOBO AB OO (O is a recessive allele) Genotype is the allele combination Phenotype is the actual observed trait (blood type)
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Rh factor Blood type is either + or – (- is a recessive allele) Homozygous ++ or -- Heterozygous +- Therefore, AB - blood is the rarest type and O + blood is the most common
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