1. Deontological Approaches Consequences of decisions are not always the most important elements as suggested by the consequentialist approach. The way you make decisions is what makes it moral. The end does not justify the means Results are not ethical unless the ethical means used to produce them

2. Kant’s Three Standards Do not make exceptions for self since everyone is worth the same. Let others make their own choices - treat people as ends rather than means to an end (everyone is equal). Would my action pass the publicity test - would it be adopted by rational people. Could action be explained & would it be acceptable (grandmother test).

3. Human Rights Standard No action should violate fundamental human rights Rights - what’s needed to live a life that expresses value. Rights - justifiable claim, entitlement or protection against collective goals. Liberty Rights ( free speech, freedom of conscience, self determination ); Welfare Rights ( food, housing, employment, education, health care )

4. Justice Standard Justice - Fair distribution of Benefits & Burdens Which is the fair distribution standard - equality, effort, need, accomplishment, contribution? We need a justice standard to show which distribution scheme is fair in each situation.

5. Justice Standard Seek the standard that distributes benefits and burdens most fairly. Rawls’ method - Use “veil of ignorance” to decide the rule for a just society.

6. Justice Standard Fair Distribution follows three principles: Equal Liberty - max liberty compatible with liberty of others Difference Principle - inequities ethical if benefit least advantaged Equal Opportunity Principle - benefits equally open to all.

7. Religious Ethics Does the action fit the central tenets of the faith? Does the action follow the rule? Jesus Christ: “Love Your Neighbor” Buddha: “The Cause of suffering is desire”

8. Seven-Step Process of Making Ethical Decisions 1. What are the Facts 2. What are the Ethical Issues 3. What are the Alternatives? 4. Who are the Stakeholders? 5. What are the Ethics of the Alternatives? 6. What are the Practical Constraints? 7. What Actions Should we Take?