2. Pregnancy And Lactation Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Life Cycle Nutrition

3. Prior To Pregnancy Fertility Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

4. Prior To Pregnancy Goals –Achieve and maintain a healthy body weight –Choose an adequate and balanced diet –Be physically active –Avoid harmful influences Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

5. Placenta Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

6. Fetal Growth And Development Ovum + sperm  zygote Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

7. Fetal Growth And Development Zygote –Implantation Embryo Fetus Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

8. Stages of Embryonic And Fetal Development

9. Critical Periods Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

11. Critical Periods Neural tube defects –Anencephaly –Spina bifida Folate supplementation Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

12. Critical Periods Chronic diseases Fetal programming Epigenetics Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

13. Weight Prior To Conception Underweight –Preterm Overweight and obesity –Post term –Cesarean section Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

14. Weight Gain Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

15. Weight Gain Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

16. Weight Gain Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

17. Weight Loss Weight loss after pregnancy Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

18. Exercise During Pregnancy Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

19. Energy And Nutrient Needs Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

20. Comparison Of Nutrient Recommendations For Nonpregnant, Pregnant, And Lactating Women

21. Energy And Nutrient Needs Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

23. Nutrition-Related Concerns Nausea Constipation and hemorrhoids Heartburn Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

24. Nutrition-Related Concerns Food cravings and aversions Nonfood cravings –Pica Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

25. Nutrition-Related Concerns Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

26. Nutrition-Related Concerns Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

27. High-Risk Pregnancies Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

28. High-Risk Pregnancies Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

29. Infant’s Birth Weight Low birth weight Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

30. Malnutrition And Pregnancy Fertility Early pregnancy Fetal development Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

31. Food Assistance Programs WIC Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

32. Maternal Health Preexisting diabetes Gestational diabetes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

33. Maternal Health Preexisting hypertension Transient hypertension of pregnancy Preeclampsia and eclampsia Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

34. Mother’s Age Pregnancy in adolescents Pregnancy in older women –Down syndrome Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

35. Practices Incompatible With Pregnancy Alcohol Medicinal drugs Herbal supplements Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

36. Practices Incompatible With Pregnancy Illicit drugs Smoking and chewing tobacco –SIDS Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

37. Practices Incompatible With Pregnancy Environmental contaminants Foodborne illness Vitamin-mineral megadoses Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

38. Practices Incompatible With Pregnancy Caffeine Weight-loss dieting Sugar substitutes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

39. Lactation Mammary glands Prolactin Oxytocin Let-down reflex Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

40. Breastfeeding Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

41. Breastfeeding Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

43. Mother’s Nutrient Needs During Lactation Energy intake and exercise Energy nutrients Vitamins and minerals Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

44. Mother’s Nutrient Needs During Lactation Water Nutrient supplements Particular foods Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

45. Practices Incompatible With Lactation Sleep Alcohol Medicinal drugs Illicit drugs Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

46. Practices Incompatible With Lactation Smoking Environmental contaminants Caffeine Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

47. Maternal Health And Lactation HIV infection and AIDS Diabetes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

48. Maternal Health And Lactation Postpartum amenorrhea Breast health Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

49. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

50. Alcohol Prenatal alcohol exposure –Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder = ARND –Alcohol-related birth defects = ARBD Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

51. Alcohol Drinking during pregnancy How much is too much? When is the damage done? Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

52. Life Cycle Nutrition Infancy, Childhood, And Adolescence Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

53. Infancy Energy intake and activity Energy nutrients Vitamins and minerals Water Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

54. Infancy Weight gain during first 5 years Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

55. Infancy Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

56. Recommended Intakes Of An Infant And An Adult Compared On The Basis Of Body Weight

57. Breast Milk Frequency and duration of breastfeeding Energy nutrients –Alpha-lactalbumin Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

58. Breast Milk Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning Energy nutrient content

59. Breast Milk Vitamins Minerals Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

60. Breast Milk Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

61. Breast Milk Immunological protection –Colostrum –Bifidus factors –Lactoferrin –Lactadherin Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

62. Breast Milk Allergy and disease protection Other potential benefits Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

63. Infant Formula Wean Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

64. Infant Formula Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

65. Infant Formula Risks of formula feeding Infant formula standards Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

66. Infant Formula Special formulas –Hypoallergenic formulas Inappropriate formulas Nursing bottle tooth decay Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

67. Special Needs Of Preterm Infants Long-chain fatty acids –Arachidonic acid –DHA Preterm breast milk Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

68. Introducing Cow’s Milk Cow’s milk vs. breast milk Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

70. Introducing Solid Foods Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

71. Introducing Solid Foods Food allergies Choice of infant foods Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

72. Introducing Solid Foods Foods to provide iron Foods to provide vitamin C Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

73. Introducing Solid Foods Foods to omit –Botulism Foods at one year –Milk anemia Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

74. Mealtimes With Toddlers Behavior Exploration Don’t force foods Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

75. Mealtimes With Toddlers Provide nutritious foods Limit sweets Make mealtimes enjoyable Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

77. Childhood Energy intake and activity Carbohydrate and fiber Fat and fatty acids Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

78. Childhood Protein Vitamins and minerals Supplements Planning children’s meals Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

80. Hunger And Malnutrition In Children Hunger and behavior Iron deficiency and behavior Other nutrient deficiencies and behavior Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

82. Malnutrition-Lead Connection Minerals and lead absorption Vitamins and lead absorption Protect against lead poisoning Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

83. Hyperactivity And “Hyper” Behavior Hyperactivity Misbehaving Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

84. Food Allergy And Intolerance Detecting food allergy –Asymptomatic allergy –Symptomatic allergy Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

85. Food Allergy And Intolerance Anaphylactic shock –Epinephrine Food intolerances Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

86. Childhood Obesity

87. Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

88. Childhood Obesity Genetic and environmental factors Growth Physical health Psychological development Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

89. Childhood Obesity Prevention and treatment of obesity Diet Physical activity Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

90. Childhood Obesity Psychological support Behavioral changes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

91. Mealtimes At Home Honoring children’s preferences Learning through participation Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

92. Mealtimes At Home Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

93. Mealtimes At Home Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

94. Mealtimes At Home Avoiding power struggles Choking prevention Playing first Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

95. Mealtimes At Home Snacking Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

97. Mealtimes At Home Preventing dental carries Serving as role models Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

98. Nutrition At School Meals at school Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

99. Nutrition At School Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

100. Nutrition At School Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

101. Nutrition At School Competing influences at school Nutrition education at school Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

102. Nutrition During Adolescence Growth and development –Puberty Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

103. Nutrition During Adolescence Energy and nutrient needs –Energy intake and activity –Vitamins –Iron –Calcium Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

104. Nutrition During Adolescence Food choices and health habits –Snacks –Beverages –Eating away from home –Peer influence Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

105. Intakes of milk vs. soft drinks

106. Problems Adolescents Face Marijuana Cocaine Ecstasy Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

107. Problems Adolescents Face Drug use, in general Alcohol abuse Smoking and smokeless tobacco Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

108. Childhood Obesity And Chronic Diseases Early development of type 2 diabetes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

109. Childhood Obesity And Chronic Diseases Early development of heart disease –Atherosclerosis Plaque Fatty streaks Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

110. Plaque formation Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

111. Childhood Obesity And Chronic Diseases Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

112. Childhood Obesity And Chronic Diseases Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

113. Childhood Obesity And Chronic Diseases Physical activity Dietary recommendations for children –Moderation, not deprivation –Diet first, drugs later Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

114. Childhood Obesity And Chronic Diseases Smoking Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

115. Life Cycle Nutrition Adulthood and the Later Years Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

116. Life Cycle Nutrition Life expectancy Life span Longevity Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

117. Aging Of The U.S. Population

118. Observation of Older Adults Quality of life Healthy habits –Physiological age –Chronological age Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

121. Manipulation Of Diet Energy restriction in animals Energy restriction in human beings Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

122. The Aging Process Stress –Stress response Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

123. The Aging Process Physiological changes –Body weight –Body composition Sarcopenia Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

125. The Aging Process Physiological changes –Immune system –GI tract Dysphagia Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

126. The Aging Process Physiological changes –Tooth loss –Sensory loss and other physical problems Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

127. The Aging Process Other changes –Psychological changes –Economic changes –Social changes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

128. Energy And Nutrient Needs of Older Adults Water Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

129. Energy And Nutrient Needs of Older Adults Energy and energy nutrients –Protein –Carbohydrate and fiber –Fat Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

130. Energy And Nutrient Needs of Older Adults Vitamins and minerals –Vitamin B 12 –Vitamin D –Calcium –Iron Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

131. Energy And Nutrient Needs of Older Adults Nutrient supplements Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

132. Energy And Nutrient Needs of Older Adults Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

133. Nutrition-Related Concerns Of Older Adults Cataracts and macular degeneration Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

134. Nutrition-Related Concerns Of Older Adults Arthritis –Osteoarthritis –Rheumatoid arthritis –Treatment Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

135. The Aging Brain Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

136. The Aging Brain Senile dementia Alzheimer’s disease Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

137. Choices Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

138. Choices Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

139. Risk Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

140. Food Assistance Programs Elderly Nutrition Program –Congregate meals –Meals on Wheels Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

141. Meals For Singles Spend wisely Be creative Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

142. Nutrient-Drug Interactions Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

145. Nutrient-Drug Interactions Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

146. Nutrient-Drug Interactions Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

148. Nutrient-Drug Interactions Other ingredients in drugs The health-professional and nutrient-drug interactions Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning