1. Government in Mexico

2. Keep in mind How are the USA and Mexico similar? How are they different? How can they cooperate to solve problems? In what areas do they compete?

3. Padre Hidalgo After Napoleon captured Spain in 1808, criollos began to cry for independence Even after Hidalgo’s execution, the power of the Grito de Dolores led to victory in 1821.

4. Independent Northern America Led by General Morelos, criollos and metitzo leaders assembled at Oaxaca to declare independence in 1813. Mexico extended from the Californias to Panama at independence.

5. Early Governments Agustin de Iturbide made himself emperor in 1821, but was overthrown in 1824. The 1824 Constitution was based on separation of powers, liberal and federal. However, the President had more power than Congress…

6. Santa Ana Originally a reformer, Santa Ana declared marital law in 1835, prompting rebellions in Zacatecas and Tejas. Texan forces captured Santa Ana at San Jacincto and gained independence. Mexico loses over ½ of it’s land over the next 22 years of Santa Ana’s rule

7. The Caudillo Through much of the 1800’s and early 1900’s, Mexico had caudillos, strong military leaders instead of a constitutional government Huerta, Villa and Zapata led a movement to constitutional government.

8. The 1917 Constitution pt 1 Current Constitution of Mexico – Article 1 Prohibits discrimination – Article 2 Recognizes “native title” – Article 3 Free and compulsory education in elementary & all state education must be free – Article 4 Right to health, housing and children – Article 5 Freedom to chose work – Article 6 Freedom of speech – Article 7 Freedom of the press – Article 8 Peaceful protests allowed – Article 9 Freedom of Assembly and association – Article 10 Right to own Army approved guns

9. The 1917 Constitution pt 2 – Article 11 Right to Free Passage of Citizens – Articles 12&13 No nobility, private courts – Article 14 Right to Due Process, no Ex Post Facto Laws – Article 15 Restricts extradition to foreign countries – Article 16 Citizens arrest if “in flagrante delicto” – Article 17 Justice must be speedy, no vigilantes – Article 19 Habeus Corpus, separate charges for separate offenses, humane prisons – Article 20 Right to remain silent – Article 22 No death or mutilation penalties – Article 27 No foreign land ownership on coasts/borders – Article 123 Eight hour work day, right to strike

10. Current Structure Federal Government over 31 states 3 Branches – President serves a single, 6 year term – 500 member “Deputies” and 128 “Senators” Deputies and Senators limited to one term – 11 Supreme Court justices serve 15 year terms – What kinds of benefits/problems might term limits present to the Mexican government?

11. Mexican States

12. Political Parties 3 Main Political Parties – PRIfrom 1929 to 2000 all Presidents were PRI – PANConservatives, first took Pres. In 2000 – PRDSocialists, lost 2006 election by 0.58% – Parties are allowed to form coalitions to improve chances of winning, and all “2%+” parties receive representation in the Deputies

13. Foreign Relations Most Free Trade Agreements (15) worldwide – Close ties to USA, EU and South America Military draft for all males over 18yrs by lottery – Military is about 650,000 strong – First nation to send aid to New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina

14. Emigration and Immigration Issues Mexico sheltered escaped US slaves in 1800’s Mexico deports about 150,000 illegal immigrants per year (mostly Central Americans and Chinese) Trafficking in women for prostitution is rampant 6-7 million Mexicans live illegally in the USA – Of 1.1 million legal immigrants per year, Mexicans make up 18%, the twice the next largest group The vast majority come from poor areas of Mexico

16. US-Mex Economy Comparison Mexico Free Market Economy of 1.3 trillion GDP/yr Average annual gross income $6143 (USD) – 78 th of 216 states and territories worldwide 3.7% unemployment rate – About 25% of Mexicans are underemployed Major exporter of finished manufacturing goods, oil, fruits/vegetables, cotton, coffee Ave month net teacher salary $1018 USA Free Market Economy of 13.84 trillion GDP/yr Average annual gross income $42028 (USD) – 6th of 216 states and territories worldwide – 1) Luxembourg, 2)Kuwait, 3) Norway, 4) Brunei, 5) Singapore 4.6% unemployment rate 49% of US exports are capital goods like manufacturing machinery US imports more than $100 billion in goods/services from Mexico annually Ave month net teacher salary $4055

17. Cooperation and Competition What are 3 areas in which the United States and Mexico can cooperate to solve mutual problems? What are 3 areas in which it makes sense for the United States to compete with Mexico, and vice versa?