1. America: Pathways to the Present Chapter 22 The Kennedy and Johnson Years (1961–1969) Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

2. America: Pathways to the Present Section 1: The New Frontier Section 2: The Great Society Section 3: Foreign Policy in the Early 1960s Chapter 22: The Kennedy and Johnson Years (1961–1969) Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

3. Foreign Policy in the Early 1960s What were the goals of the _______________ of _______________ invasion, and what was the outcome? What events led to the _______________ crisis and the Cuban Missile Crisis? What were the goals of the _______________ for Progress and the _______________ Corps? Which Cold War conflicts did _______________ become involved in? Chapter 22, Section 3

4. The Bay of Pigs Invasion Goals of the Bay of Pigs Invasion The United States government was disturbed when Fidel Castro took over Cuba in _______________ and developed ties to the _______________. To overthrow Castro, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) trained a group of _______________ to invade Cuba. President Kennedy approved the resulting Bay of _______________ invasion, which took place on April 17, _______________. Outcome of the Invasion The Bay of _______________ invasion proved to be both a _______________ and _______________ disaster. Airstrikes failed to destroy Cuba’s air force, and _______________ troops were more than a match for the _______________. The United States lost _______________ for its clumsy invasion tactics as well as its violation of _______________ not to interfere in the Western Hemisphere. Chapter 22, Section 3

5. The Berlin Crisis Causes of the Berlin Crisis As part of the post–World War II division of Germany, the city of Berlin in Communist East Germany had been divided into _______________ and _______________ zones. The division of Berlin was planned as a temporary measure. However, the _______________ demanded that the division of the city be made permanent, hoping this would _______________ the flow of East Germans escaping through _______________ to West Germany. Effects of the Berlin Crisis In response to Soviet demands, Kennedy _______________ funding to the military and expanded the size of the armed forces. To avoid a _______________, the Soviets built a _______________ to separate the Communist and non-Communist sections of Berlin in August 1961. The Berlin _______________came to be a somber symbol of Cold War tensions. Chapter 22, Section 3

6. The Cuban Missile Crisis On October 16, 1962, photographs taken from an American spy plane showed construction of Soviet _______________bases in Cuba, about 90 miles from the coast of _______________. The American response to this construction, and the resulting Soviet response, became known as the Cuban _______________Crisis. The Cuban _______________ Crisis brought the superpowers to the brink of nuclear war. After much consultation with his advisors, President Kennedy decided to authorize a naval “_______________” around Cuba. He demanded that Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev cease construction of the missile bases. On October 25, Soviet ships headed for Cuba suddenly _______________direction, called _______________by Khrushchev. This action led to tremendous relief since confrontation, and the threat of nuclear war, had been avoided. Chapter 22, Section 3

7. Results of the Cuban Missile Crisis The Cuban Missile Crisis did not end when Soviet ships reversed their course, however. The end of the crisis came several days later, when Kennedy responded to letters sent from Khrushchev, agreeing to some terms _______________and others in _______________. In the end, the Soviet Union agreed to remove its missiles from Cuba. In return, the United States agreed to end the quarantine, stay out of Cuba, and remove missiles of its own from _______________. As a result of the crisis, Kennedy and Khrushchev established a “_______________” with which they could communicate quickly in case of further crises. In addition, the United States and the Soviet Union, together with Great Britain, signed the Limited _______________ Treaty in 1963. This treaty banned _______________ testing above the ground. Chapter 22, Section 3

8. The Alliance for Progress Kennedy feared that Communist movements would attract support in _______________ nations by promising people a better future. To counter these movements, Kennedy encouraged people in the Western Hemisphere to join an _______________ for Progress. The Alliance would help build Western-allied stable governments that met the _______________ of their people. The United States pledged billions of dollars toward this goal. However, many people in Latin America began to view the Alliance as only a _______________ of the United States to stop the spread of _______________. Because of these doubts, the Alliance for Progress was not as much of a success as Kennedy had hoped. Chapter 22, Section 3

9. The Peace Corps In 1961, Kennedy established the Peace Corps to further his goal of a world in which people _______________ together peacefully to solve problems. Peace Corps _______________ were Americans who agreed to work side by side with local _______________ in poorer nations, teaching skills and _______________ living conditions. Today, Peace Corps volunteers _______________ to serve in nations around the world. Chapter 22, Section 3

10. Johnson’s Foreign Policy The Dominican Republic In 1965, _______________ attacked the military-backed _______________ of the Dominican Republic. _______________ believed that the rebels had been backed by _______________ supporters. He sent thousands of marines to the Dominican Republic, tipping the balance against the rebels and installing a new provisional _______________. It turned out that the rebels had not received _______________ support after all. Vietnam Like Kennedy, _______________ was committed to preventing the spread of communism. The ongoing conflict in _______________ Asia between Communist North _______________ and non- Communist South _______________ continued during Johnson’s term. Although Johnson at first opposed further United States action in _______________, American involvement soon deepened. Chapter 22, Section 3

11. America: Pathways to the Present Chapter 25 Nixon, Ford, Carter (1969–1981)

12. America: Pathways to the Present Section 1: Nixon’s Domestic Policy Section 2: Nixon’s Foreign Policy Section 3: The Watergate Scandal Section 4: The Ford Administration Chapter 25: Nixon, Ford, Carter Section 5: The Carter Administration

13. Nixon’s Foreign Policy What role did Henry _______________ play in relaxing tensions between the United States and the major Communist _______________ ? (Nixon’s Secretary of State) What was Nixon’s policy toward the People’s Republic of _______________ ? How did Nixon reach an agreement with the Soviet Union on limiting _______________ arms? Chapter 25, Section 2

14. Henry Kissinger Practical Politics _______________ admired the European political philosophy of _______________, or practical politics. Under this policy, nations make decisions based on _______________ their strength rather than on moral principles. Kissinger applied a _______________ approach to his dealings with China and the Soviet Union, which led to better _______________ relations with both nations. Public Opinion _______________ understood the power of the media and was able to use it to shape public opinion. _______________ efforts in ending the Vietnam War and easing Cold War tensions made him a celebrity. He topped a list of most-admired Americans, was often featured on the cover of Time magazine, and in 1973 shared the _______________ prize. Chapter 25, Section 2

15. Relaxing Tensions Détente Although Nixon had built a reputation as a strong _______________, he and Kissinger reversed the direction of postwar American _______________ policy by holding talks with China and the Soviet Union. Nixon and Kissinger’s greatest accomplishment was in bringing about _______________, or a relaxation in tensions, between the United States and these Communist nations. Complex Foreign Affairs Kissinger understood that _______________ affairs were more complicated than just a standoff between the United States and _______________. The Soviet Union and China, once allies, had become bitter _______________. This development had the potential to reshape _______________ politics. Chapter 25, Section 2

16. A New Approach to China Easing Relations Between the United States and China Historical Background — After its Communist takeover in 1949, the United States refused to recognize the People’s Republic of China, viewing the government of _______________ as the legitimate Chinese rulers. Steps to Ease Relations — During the early 1970s, relations eased between the United States and the People’s Republic of China. Nixon referred to the nation by name, _______________ & _______________ restrictions were lifted, and American table-tennis players visited China, beginning “_______________ diplomacy.” Nixon’s Visit to China — In February 1972, Nixon became the first American _______________ to visit China. Touring Chinese sites in front of television cameras, Nixon established the basis for future diplomatic ties during his visit. Recognizing the Chinese Government — The United States decided to join other nations in recognizing the Chinese government. In October 1971, _______________ lost its seat in the _______________ to the People’s Republic of China. Chapter 25, Section 2

17. Limiting Nuclear Arms Nixon viewed arms control as a vital part of his foreign policy. Although he had taken office planning to build more _______________ weapons, Nixon came to believe that achieving balance between the _______________ was a better strategy than an increasing _______________ arms race. In 1972, the United States and the Soviet Union signed the first _______________ Arms Limitation Treaty, known as SALT I. In this treaty, both nations agreed to freeze the number of certain types of missiles at 1972 levels. SALT I demonstrated that arms control agreements between the superpowers were possible. However, it did not _______________ the number of weapons that either nation possessed, nor did it halt the development of _______________ weapon technologies. Chapter 25, Section 2

18. The Ford Administration What actions in foreign policy did President Gerald Ford take during his term? Chapter 25, Section 4

19. Foreign Policy–Southeast Asia When North _______________ began a new offensive against the South in the spring of _______________, Ford asked for military aid to help South Vietnam. However, both Congress and the American people were against further _______________ in Vietnam. To prevent such involvement, Congress was prepared to invoke the War _______________ Act, a Nixon-era law limiting the President’s ability to involve the United States in foreign _______________ without receiving a formal declaration of war from Congress. When Communist _______________ captured the American merchant ship Mayaguez, Ford sent the marines to recapture the ship. Forty-one _______________ lives were lost in the effort, but the incident dispelled impressions of American weakness in Southeast Asia. Chapter 25, Section 4

20. Foreign Policy - Asia, Europe, and Africa Asia — Ford continued _______________ goals of friendship with China and was the first American President to visit _______________. Europe and the Soviet Union — In 1975, Ford signed the _______________ Accords, a series of agreements on European security. He also continued Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) with the _______________. Africa — Ford’s administration aimed to develop relationships with _______________ countries newly independent from _______________ rule. Chapter 25, Section 4

21. The Carter Administration What ideals guided Carter’s foreign policy? Chapter 25, Section 5

22. Carter’s Foreign Policy Soviet-American Relations Although _______________ was at a high point when Carter took office, by the end of his term it was effectively dead. Soviets were angered by Carter’s support of Soviet _______________, writers and other activists who criticized the actions of their government. Although a second round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT II) was begun, the resulting treaty was never _______________. Still, both nations followed its terms. Chapter 25, Section 5

23. America: Pathways to the Present Chapter 26 The Conservative Revolution (1980-1992) Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

24. Section 1: Roots of the New Conservatism Section 2: The Reagan Revolution Section 3: Reagan’s Second Term Section 4: The George H. W. Bush Presidency Chapter 26: The Conservative Revolution (1980-1992) America: Pathways to the Present Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

25. The Reagan Revolution What were the major initiatives and key foreign policy crises of Reagan’s first term? Chapter 26, Section 2

26. Reagan’s Foreign Policy Reagan was determined to defend American _______________ in the Cold War. Part of this involved continuing to build up both _______________ military forces and the _______________ arsenal. In 1983, Reagan announced the ________________________ (SDI), popularly known as “Star Wars.” SDI proposed the creation of a massive _______________ shield in space to intercept and destroy incoming Soviet missiles. The United States sent aid to groups that were resisting Communist forces in several _______________ American nations. These nations included _______________, Nicaragua, and _______________. Chapter 26, Section 2

27. The Reagan Legacy Foreign Policy Success Relations between the United States and the Soviet Union _______________ during Reagan’s second term. Reagan developed a close relationship with Soviet _______________ Mikhail Gorbachev, who advocated policies of political and economic _______________ called glasnost and perestroika. The 1987 ________________________Forces (INF) Treaty provided for the _______________ of thousands of American and Soviet missiles in Europe. Chapter 26, Section 3

28. The George H. W. Bush Presidency How did the Cold War come to an end? In what ways did the United States play a new international role after the end of the Cold War? Chapter 26, Section 4

29. The Cold War Ends Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev encouraged policies of glasnost and perestroika in Eastern Europe, which contributed to the _______________ of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War. In Poland, free _______________ came to replace Communist rule. A union alliance called Solidarity had a large role in this _______________. On November 9, 1989, East ________________ began allowing travel to and from West _______________. _______________ gleefully smashed the _______________ Wall, the most potent symbol of the Cold War. A year later, East and West _______________ reunited. Chapter 26, Section 4

30. The Soviet Union at the End of the Cold War In August 1991, conservative _______________ in the Soviet Union staged a coup which they hoped would force Gorbachev to _______________. Although the attempt failed, the Soviet Union’s 15 republics sensed _______________ in the central government and began to move toward _______________. Gorbachev _______________ the presidency of the Soviet Union on December 25, 1991. A week later, the _______________ ceased to exist. It was replaced with a loose alliance of former _______________ republics called the Commonwealth of Independent States. As the _______________ disintegrated, Bush continued arms- control talks with Gorbachev. The first Strategic Arms _______________ Treaty (START I), signed in 1991, called for dramatic _______________ in the two nations’ supplies of long- range nuclear weapons. Chapter 26, Section 4

31. Europe and Western Asia After the Cold War The reunification of Germany and the breakup of the Soviet Union caused changes in the map of Europe and Western Asia.