1. Lecture 4c 28 January 2013 Nutraceuticals and functional foods

2. Group activity Nutraceuticals Type 1 -manage -lipids-triglycerides -diabetic neuropathy/nerve conduction velocity- evening primrose oil -fasting glucose down with fish oil

3. Type 2- manage metabolic syndrome -obesity -lipids- elevated free fatty acids, triglycerides, cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol and small dense LDL, decreased HDLc, oxidation issues -blood pressure-elevated -platelet aggregation-elevated -insulin sensitivity-down

5. OVERALL HYPOTHESIS GLA (DIETARY OIL) DGLA PLATELET INCREASED DGLA – PL - INCREASED PGE 1 PGE 1 IS (ANTI-AGGREGATORY, VASODILATORY) DECREASED AA-PL - TxA 2 AND PGE 2 (DECREASED) TxA 2 IS (PRO-AGGREGATORY, VASOCONSTRICTORY) -PGE 2 IS (PRO-AGGREGATORY, VASOCONSTRICTORY)

6. Fish oil-triglycerides, fasting glucose, and glycosylated haemoglobin down, insulin receptor fluidity increases, platelets activity decreases Canola oil-improves insulin sensitivity Flax oil-lower dose (30 mg ALA/kg bw/d) -higher doses (178 mg ALA/kg bw/d) -no success

7. Evening Primrose oil-no reports in diabetics found Borage oil-no reports in diabetics found Blackcurrant oil-no reports in diabetics found

8. Prebiotics-inulin –a complex carbohydrate may lower triglycerides and does lower LDL and total cholesterol -proposed to increase insulin sensitivity -both the lipid and the insulin sensitivity issues still need to be rigorously tested in human type 2 diabetics

9. -vitamin supplements- appears to be no need for these but this is being studied -chromium supplement increase insulin sensitivity but people are not normally chromium deficient -magnesium- deficiency associated with type 2 diabetes- -supplement improves insulin sensitivity

10. Central issues of functional foods versus nutraceuticals Concentration Purity-what is doing what Conflicting agents ?

11. Type I diabetes-Functional foods Fish protein- lowers albuminuria Cows milk-concept of reverse functional foods nitrosamines-concept of reverse functional foods Soy proteins-potential attack on beta cells- concept of reverse functional foods

12. Type 2 diabetes- functional foods Fish-lowers lipid oxidation-potential yet to be tested Tomatoes-lycopene- antioxidant-potential yet to be tested Green tea-flavonoids (eg catechins)-antioxidant potential- potential yet to be tested

13. Soy-flavonoids- anti-oxidant- potential yet to be tested -hulls-improved glucose tolerance Garlic-allicin- lowers cholesterol and LDL cholesterol-potential yet to be tested

14. Probiotics-chicory seed contains inulin and oligofructose-proposed to increase insulin sensitivity and improve lipid profiles (decreased triglycerides and LDL and cholesterol)