1. Plants Structure and Reproduction

2. Characteristics of Plants  Autotrophic  Multicellular  Eukaryotic  Cell wall made of cellulose  Organelles including chloroplasts  Large, central vacuole

3. Plant Tissues  Dermal: outermost layer on leaves and stems; covered with a waxy layer called the cuticle  Vascular: used for transport  Ground: photosynthetic cells, support cells, and all other cells that are not dermal or vascular

4. Plant Structures 1. Roots:  Usually the part of the plant that grows below the surface of the soil  Absorb water and minerals  Anchor the plant  Can store food  2 types—taproot and fibrous root 2. Stems:  Support leaves and flowers  Transport water and nutrients within the plant

5.  Can function to store food (ex: potato is an underground stem)  Node: place where leaves attach to stems 3. Leaves:  Organs where photosynthesis occurs  Has an outer dermal tissue with stomata  The stoma is surrounded by guard cells that allow carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen & water to leave

6.  Has an inner ground tissue, made of parenchymal cells, that has vascular tissue (the vein) within it  Common features of leaves include:  Blade: flat, broad section of the leaf  Petiole: short stalk that connects the blade to the stem  Veins: carry water, minerals and sugar  Can be simple or compound

7.  Compound leaves can be pinnate or palmate 4. Flowers:  Modified stems with specialized leaves and other structures for reproduction  Has 3 types of parts:  Male Reproductive Parts  Called the stamen  Made up of the anther (produces pollen) and the filament (supports the anther)

8.  Female Reproductive Parts  Called the pistil  Made up of the stigma (the pollen lands here), the style (connects the stigma and the ovary) and the ovary (makes ovules)  Sterile Parts  Petals: brightly colored parts of the flower  Sepals: green, leaf-like structures that support the flower

9. Asexual Reproduction  It produces clones, genetically identical offspring  In a stable environment with abundant resources, asexual reproduction is faster than sexual reproduction and produces offspring that are well adapted to the existing environment

10. Sexual Reproduction  Results in seed formation  The seed is a plant embryo with its stored food  Advantages of seeds:  Can be spread out over great distances  Seeds can stay dormant for long periods of time  For flowering plants, sexual reproduction begins with the process of pollination

11. Pollination  Process of transporting pollen (male gamete) from the male flower parts to the female parts  Pollen is transported by wind, water, insects, or other organisms

12. Fertilization  Pollen lands on the stigma  Pollen tube grows down through the style to the ovary  Sperm nuclei are carried along the pollen tube  Pollen tube enters the ovule  Sperm nucleus fuses with the egg and forms a zygote  A 2 nd sperm nucleus fertilizes 2 polar nuclei to form a food-storing tissue called endosperm

13. Fertilization (cont.)  Zygote develops into an embryo  Ovule becomes a seed  The rest of the ovary becomes a fruit, which will house and protect the seeds and help disperse the seeds to new locations

14. Plant Classification  Plants are divided into groups based on three key features:  The presence of vascular tissue  The presence of seeds  The presence of flowers  The groups are:  Nonvascular plants--mosses  Vascular seedless plants--ferns  Vascular seed plants  Gymnosperms (seeds in cones)--pines  Angiosperms (seeds in flowers)

15. Angiosperm Classification  Angiosperms can be classified in several ways  One classification system, based on the physical characteristics of the plant, is to divide them into the monocots and the dicots  Another classification system is based on life span

16. Monocot  Monocot:  Have a single cotyledon (leaves in the embryo)  Veins are parallel  Vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem  Have fibrous roots  Floral parts in multiples of 3

17. Dicot  Dicot:  Have two cotyledons  Veins are branched  Vascular bundles are arranged in a ring in the stem  Have taproots  Floral parts in multiples of 4 or 5

18. Life Span  Annual: plants grow, mature, flower, produce seeds and die in one growing season  Biennial: complete their life cycles in two years  Perennial: live for more than two years FoxgloveVerbena Sapphire flower Petunia LupinSunstar