1. Reproduction In flowering Plants

2. Do now #2 1. List three ways plants can reproduce asexually. 2.Name the male reproductive organs of plants. 3.Name the female reproductive organs of plants.

3. What are four ways that flowering plants disperse seeds? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ _ Give an example of a plant that reproduces with a runner. ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ _ Give an example of a plant that reproduces with a sucker. ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ _ Give an example of a plant that reproduces through apomixes. ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ _

4. Successes of flowering plants Many flowering plants are able to reproduce both sexually and asexually. Fertilization occurs within the ovary of the flower. Offspring formed as a result of sexual reproduction exhibit a great deal of genetic variation. Why is sexual reproduction important?

5. Flowering plant possess various methods of asexual reproduction, most of which involve modified vegetative parts. A rhizome is a horizontal, underground stem that may or many not be fleshy for storing food. Though they resemble roots they are stems.

6. Rhizomes frequently branch in different direction and in time the piece that connects the plant dies creating a different individual. Humans propagate plants with rhizomes by dividing or cutting the rhizome into smaller pieces, each with a bud. Each piece will become an entire plant

7. Another underground stem is the tuber, which is greatly enlarged for food storage. When the connection between a tuber and its parent plant breaks(usually from the dying of the parent) the tuber grows into an independent plant.

8. Potatoes are good examples of this

9. A bulb is a shortened underground stem to which fleshy storage leaves are attached. Bulbs are round and covered by paper-like scales. They frequently for small daughter bulbs that are initially attached to the parent. Humans separate the daughter bulbs to increase the number of plant.

10. Lilies, tulips, onions and daffodils form bulbs.

11. Stolns, or runners are horizontal stems that run above round and are characterized by having long internodes. Adventitious buds develop along a runner and each buds gives rise to a new plant. Then the runner dies the daughter plants are separated.

12. Strawberries are a good example of a plant that reproduces with runners(stolons)

13. Some plants are capble of forming young plants(plantlets) along their leaf magrins. “Mother of thousands” meristematic tissue in the leaf that gives Rise to an individual plant at each notch in the leaf. When these plantlets attain a certain sixe they drop to the ground, and can root under go

14. Stems can produce roots, but roots cannot normally form stems. Some roots produce suckers, which are above- ground stems that develop form adventitious buds on the roots. Each sucker grows additional roots and becomes an independent plant when the parent plant dies. Apple, blackberry, and cherry produce suckers.

15. Apomixis (seeds without sexual process) Sometimes plant produce embryos in seeds without meiosis and the fusion of gametes. The Phenomenon is known as apomixis. The seeds produced by apomixis are produced asexually because there is not fusion of gametes. Some plants that can reproduce by apomixis include: dandelions, citrus trees, blackberries, garlic, and certain grasses.

16. Flowers and Sexual Reproduction. Flowers are the reproductive shoots usually composed of four kinds of organs. Sepals, petals, stamens and carpels. All four floral parts are important in the reproductive process, but only the stamens(male) and Carpels(female) participate directly in reproduction.

17. A flower that possesses both stamens and carpels is said to be perfect, whereas an imperfect flower has stamens or carpels, but not both.

18. Sepals, Which are the lowermost and outermost whorl on a floral shoot, are leaflike in appearance and often green. Sepals protect the flower parts when the flower is a but, as the blossom opens form a bud, the sepals fold back to reveal the more conspicuous petals.

19. Petals are also leaflike in appearance, although they are frequently brightly colored. Petals play an important role in attracting animal pollinators to the flower. Some times petals are fused to form a tube or other floral shape.

22. Stamens are the male reproductive organs. Each stamen is composed of a thin stalk. Called a filament and a saclike anther, where meiosis occurs to form microspores that develop into pollen grains. Each pollen grain produces two male gametes or sperm

23. IN the center of most flowers are one or more carpels(female reproductive organs). Each carpel has three sections:

24. A stigma, where the pollen lands. A style or neck A ovary, which contains one or more ovules. Each ovule holds a female gametophyte that produces and egg.

25. The carpels of a flower may be separate or fused together into a single structure. The term pistil is sometimes used to refer to an individual carpel or to a group of fused carpels.

26. Eggs form within the ovary Each ovule within an ovary contains a special cell that undergoes meiosis, producing four haploid cells called megaspores. Three megaspores disintegrate, and one divides by mitosis three times to form a female gametophyte called an embryo sac.

27. Pollen and Anthers The anther contains special cells, each of which undergoes meiosis to form four haploid cells called microspores. Each microspore develops into an immature male gametophyte, also called a pollen grain.

28. A pollen grain consists of two cells surrounded by a tough outer wall. Both cells are involved in fertilization. One cell produces a pollen grain through which the sperm travel to reach the embryo sac and the other produces two sperm.

29. Before fertilization can occur the pollen must travel from the anther to the stigma. This transfer of pollen is known as pollination, and flowering plant posses a varity of mechanisms to accomplish pollination. Some involve animals, including insects, birds bats. Others use the wind or water.

30. Flowering plants and their animal pollinators have affected one another's evolution.

31. Seeds Flowering plant produce a young plant embryo plus stored nutrients in a compact package, the seed that develops after fertilization occurs. Growth of the embryo is possible because of the constant movement of nutrients into the developing embryo from the parent plant.

32. After fertilization take place within the ovule, the ovule develops into a seed, and the ovary surrounding it develops into a fruit. Lets think of a few. The peapod is the fruit, A simple fruit develops from a single ovary of a single flower. It may be fleshy or dry.

33. Two examples of simple fleshy fruits are berries and drupes. A berry is a fleshy fruit that has a soft tissues throughout/ a tomatoes is a berry, as are grapes and bananas. A drupe is a simple. Fleshy fruit that has a hard stony pit surrounding the seed. Peaches plums cherry.

34. Many simple fruits are dry at maturity. At maturity some dry fruits split open. Usually along seams or or sutures to release their seeds. Milkweeds pods or bean pods are good examples.

35. Other simple dry fruits- grains, for example do not split open. Each grain contains a single seed. Because the seed coat is fused to the fruit, it appease that the grain is a seed rather than a fruit. Kernels of corn and wheat are fruits of this type.

36. Aggregate fruits are a second main type of fruit. An aggregate fruit is formed from a single flower that contains many separate carpels. After fertilization each ovary from each individual carpels enlarges. As they enlarge the ovaries fuse to form a single fruit. Accessory fruits differ from other fruits in that other plants tissues, in addition to ovary tissues, make up the fruit. This would be the red part of strawberries.

37. Apples and pears are also accessory fruit. The outer pant of each fruit is an enlarged floral tube, that surrounds the ovary.

38. Seed dispersal is highly varied in flowering plants. Flowering plants make use of wind, animal, water and explosive dehiscence to expand their geographical range. In some cases the seed is the actual agent or dispersal, and in others, it is the fruit.

39. Wind is responsible for seed dispersal in man plants. Light feathery plumes are other structures that allow seeds of fruits to be transported by wind. Dandelion and milk weed have this type of adaptation.

40. Some plants have barbs of that catch in animal fur and are dispersed as the animals moves about.

41. Other plants make an edible fruit for animails to disperse. As these fruits are eaten, the seeds are either discarded or swallowed. Seeds that are swallowed have thick seed coats and are not digested, but instead pass through the digestive tract and are deposited with the animals feces some distance away. Form the parent plant..

42. Some seeds will not grow if the are not passed through an animals digestive tract.

43. Animals like squirrels and many birds species help to disperse acorns and other fruits and seeds by burying them for winter use. Many seeds are never used by the animal and germinate the following spring.

44. A coconut is an example of a fruit adapted for dispersal by water. It has air spaces and corky floats that make I buoyant and capable of being carried by ocean currents for thousands of miles.

45. Some fruits are dispersed by explosive dehiscence to forcibly discharge their seeds. Pressured due to differences in turger or to drying out cause them to burst open suddenly. Touch me not and better cress split open