2. 2 Network Media— Copper Core Cable

3. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objectives  Match the five forms of electronic signals to the media types on which they travel.  Differentiate between analog and digital signals.  Summarize the two methods of data transmission: Broadband and Baseband.  Compare simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex communication.

4. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objectives  Recall the meaning of electronic terms resistance, impedance, reflected loss, and crosstalk.  Recall the characteristics of the 802.3 classifications.  Identify the various types of wiring faults.

5. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Network Media

6. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Analog and Digital Signals  Analog signal—Series of slopes Analog signal  Digital signal—Rises and falls sharply at right angles; on and off, high and low Digital signal

7. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Frequency  How electronic signals are measured

8. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Attenuation  All signals degenerate, or lose amplitude  Amplitude can be augmented to its original level with an amplifier Amplitudeamplifier

9. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Interference  Can be picked up from sources such as motors, fluorescent lights, transformers, among others  Referred to as noisenoise  Crosstalk Crosstalk  Unwanted signals need to be removed, or filtered

10. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Latency  Cause is repeaters along the signal’s path that reshape or regenerate signal  If latency is so great that packet exceeds its Time to Live (TTL), it will be removed from networkTime to Live (TTL)

11. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Data Transmission  Bandwidth is not the same as frequency Bandwidth  Higher bandwidth means more data carried  Measured in hertz (Hz)  Baseband—One digital signal Baseband  Broadband—Multiple analog signals Broadband  Simplex—Example: Television station to television Simplex  Full-duplex—Example: Communication via telephone Full-duplex  Half-duplex—Example: Communication via Walkie- talkie Half-duplex

12. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Data Transmission (Cont.)

13. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Direct and Alternating Current  Alternating current alternates between negative and positive charge  Direct current is in one steady direction

14. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. ResistanceResistance and ImpedanceImpedance  The longer the conductor, the greater the resistance (DC) and impedance (AC)  Impedance increases as frequency increases  Impedance decreases quality of data

15. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Reflected Loss  Transmitted in full-duplex mode  Great amounts can disrupt communication

16. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Crosstalk  Type of interference  Occurs when one pair of conductors imposes a signal on another pair of parallel conductors  Created by magnetic inductionmagnetic induction  Network conductors, such as twisted pair, limit the effects by reducing contact between conductors

17. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Crosstalk Measurements  Measured in decibels (dB)decibels (dB)  Near-End Crosstalk (NEXT) Near-End Crosstalk (NEXT)  Far-End Crosstalk (FEXT) Far-End Crosstalk (FEXT)  Equal Level Far-End Crosstalk (ELFEXT) Equal Level Far-End Crosstalk (ELFEXT)  Alien Crosstalk (AXT) Alien Crosstalk (AXT)

18. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Copper Core Cable  AWG rating AWG rating

19. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Plenum-RatedPlenum-Rated Copper Core Cable

20. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Coaxial Cable

21. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Coaxial Connectors

22. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Coaxial Cable Classifications CableCommon Name ImpedanceActual Size in Diameter Description RG-6Broadband75 Ω0.332Used for Cable TV. RG-8Thicknet50 Ω0.405Used for Ethernet networks. RG-11Thick Coax75 Ω0.475Used for Cable TV trunk lines. RG-58Thinnet50 Ω0.195Used for Ethernet networks. RG-59CATV75 Ω0.242Used for Cable TV and sometimes ARCnet. RG-62Baseband93 Ω0.249Used for ARCnet.

23. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Twisted Pair  Consists of four pairs of twisted conductors  First introduced by telephone company  Seven categories  Classified as UTP (unshielded twisted pair) and STP (shielded twisted pair)

24. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. UTP Cable

25. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Twisted Pair Categories

26. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Twisted Pair Categories (Cont.)

27. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. IEEE 802.3 Classifications CategoryClassificationData RateMaximum Segment Length Minimum Segment Length Cable TypeTopology 10 Mbps 10Base210 Mbps185 m0.5 mRG-58Bus 10Base510 Mbps500 m2.5 mRG-8Bus 10BaseT10 Mbps100 m0.6 mCategory 3, 4, and 5 Star Fast Ethernet 100BaseT4100 Mbps100 m0.6 mCategory 3, 4, and 5 Star 100BaseTX100 Mbps100 m0.6 mCategory 5Star Gigabit Ethernet 1000BaseCX1000 Mbps 25 m0.6 mCategory 5Star 100BaseT1000 Mbps 100 m0.6 mCategory 5eStar 10GBaseT10 Gbps55 m0.6 mCategory 6Star 10GBaseT10 Gbps100 m0.6 mCategory 6aStar

28. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Terminating Resistor  Must be electrically grounded at one end to prevent interference

29. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. 10BaseT 100-Meter Rule  The 100-meter length ensures that the cable on the network should not exceed 100 meters  Repeater may be used to extend distance

30. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Hub Daisy-Chain Configuration

31. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Hub Cascade Configuration

32. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. IEEE 802.3 Media Access  CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) ensures data delivery CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection)  Workstation listens for traffic on network  When network is silent, workstation transmits data  If another workstation transmits data at same time, collision occurs  Both workstations wait before retransmitting

33. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. IEEE 802.3 Wiring Connections  568A and 568B—Main twisted pair cable termination standards  Straight-through and crossover—Common classifications of assembly  Automatic Medium Dependent Interface Crossover (Auto-MDIX)—New standard introduced by HP Automatic Medium Dependent Interface Crossover (Auto-MDIX)

34. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. IEEE 802.3 Wiring Connections

35. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. RJ-45 Connector  Contains eight pins inside plastic housing  Conductor pairs are untwisted so that each conductor can be inserted into one of the pin areas

36. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Rollover Cable  Uses an RJ-45 connector on each cable end  Cisco rollover cable uses an RJ-45 on one end and a DB-9 serial cable on the other

37. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. What would happen if you used a crossover cable to connect access port 2X to a workstation? Applied Networking

38. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. On the hub shown, the cable connected to the Uplink port is a straight-through cable. If you were connecting this hub to another hub, would you connect the cable to the other hub’s Uplink port or to one of its access ports? Applied Networking

39. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. You have added a third workstation and a hub to an existing network of two workstations. The original workstations were connected to each other via a crossover cable. For all three workstations to communicate, you have connected them to the hub. However, when the network is running, you notice that a light above one of the access ports on the hub is lit red. What could be the problem? Applied Networking

40. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Power over Ethernet (PoE)  Cable used must be Cat 5 or better  Two pairs of cables used for network communication, one pair used for electrical power  Common PoE application is building and area security when electrical power is not available

41. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. IEEE 802.5  Describes Token Ring networks  Uses the token passing media access method  Configured in a ring topology

42. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Token Ring Network Using Twisted Pair Cable

43. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Wiring Faults  Data cannot reach its destination  Short Short  Open Open  Ground Ground

44. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Twisted Pair Wiring Fault  Common problems that can occur when installing connectors on twisted pair cables  Reversed pair Reversed pair  Crossed pair Crossed pair  Split pair Split pair

45. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. An analog signal produces 1000 cycles per second. What is the frequency of this signal? 1000 Applied Networking 1000 cycles per second 1 second Frequency (Hz)

46. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.  1000BaseCX  An IEEE 802.3 classification that specifies a data rate of 1 Gbps, the use of Category 5 cable, a maximum segment length of 25 meters, and a minimum segment length of 0.6 meters.  1000BaseT  An IEEE 802.3 classification that specifies a 1-Gbps data rate using all four pairs of Category 5e cable, a maximum segment length of 100 meters, and a minimum segment length of 0.6 meters. Also known as Gigabit Ethernet. Glossary

47. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.  100BaseT4  An IEEE 802.3 classification that specifies the use of all four pairs of Category 3, 4, or 5 cable and a data rate of 100 Mbps.  100BaseTX  An IEEE 802.3 classification that specifies the use of Category 5e cable on pairs 1 and 2 only. It is configured in a star topology and has a data rate of 100 Mbps. Glossary

48. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.  10Base2  An IEEE 802.3 classification that specifies the use of RG-58 (thinnet) cable and a data rate of 10 Mbps.  10Base5  An IEEE 802.3 classification that specifies the use of RG-8 (thicknet) and a data rate of 10 Mbps.  10BaseT  An IEEE 802.3 classification that specifies the use of Category 3, 4, and 5 UTP cable. It is arranged in a star topology, follows the 100-meter rule, and has a data rate of 10 Mbps. Glossary

49. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.  10GBaseT  An IEEE 802.3 classification that specifies a data rate of 10 Gbps at a distance of 100 meters using unshielded Category 6a cable or a distance of 55 meters using Category 6 cable. Also known as 10 Gigabit Ethernet or 10BbT.  Alien Crosstalk (AXT)  A measurement of the noise introduced outside the cable jacket, typically caused by other network cables in close proximity.  Amplifier  An electronic device designed to raise a signal’s amplitude. Glossary

50. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.  Amplitude  The maximum voltage, or height, of an electronic signal.  Analog signal  An electronic signal that varies in values.  Attenuation  The loss of signal strength.  Automatic Medium-Dependent Interface Crossover (Auto-MDIX)  An electronic chip technology incorporated into Gigabit Ethernet devices to automatically reassign pin functions and eliminate the need for a crossover cable. Glossary

51. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.  AWG rating  A rating that describes the size of a conductor’s diameter.  Bandwidth  A measurement of the network media’s ability to carry data.  Baseband  A method of transmitting data in the form of a digital signal, using the entire bandwidth of a cable.  Broadband  A method of transmitting data in the form of several analog signals at the same time. Glossary

52. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.  Coaxial cable  A type of cable that consists of a copper core conductor surrounded by an insulator referred to as a dielectric. Also called coax.  Crossed pair  A wiring fault that occurs when one of each of two cable pairs has become part of the other pair’s connection.  Crosstalk  Interference that comes from neighboring conductors inside a wire’s insulating jacket. Glossary

53. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.  CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection)  A media access method used in Ethernet networks.  Decibel (dB)  A unit of measurement that expresses the relationship of power between two electrical forces.  Digital signal  An electronic signal that has discrete values. Glossary

54. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.  Equal Level Far-End Crosstalk (ELFEXT)  A measurement calculated by subtracting the effects of attenuation from the Far-End Crosstalk (FEXT) measurement.  Far-End Crosstalk (FEXT)  A measurement of reflective loss at the far end, or output end, of a cable. Far-end losses are expressed in decibels. Glossary

55. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.  Frequency  The number of cycles of an electronic signal that occur in 1 second. It is measured in Hertz (Hz).  Full-duplex  Communication that occurs bi-directionally and simultaneously between two devices. An example of full-duplex communication is communication via telephone. Glossary

56. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.  Ground  A wiring fault that occurs when a conductor connects to the earth through a continuous path.  Half-duplex  Communication that is bi-directional but can only occur in one direction at a time.  Impedance  The opposition to alternating current.  Interference  An undesired electromagnetic signal imposed on a desired signal that distorts or corrupts the desired signal. Glossary

57. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.  Latency  The amount of time it takes a signal to travel from its source to its destination.  Magnetic induction  An electrical phenomenon in which the magnetic field encircling a current-carrying conductor induces current in a conductor of close proximity. Also called mutual induction.  Near-End Crosstalk (NEXT)  A measurement of the reflected loss at the near end, or input end, of a cable. Losses are typically expressed in decibels. Glossary

58. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.  Network media  A general term for all forms of pathways that support network communication.  Noise  Electromagnetic interference.  Open  A wiring fault that occurs when the length of a conductor has an open spot.  Plenum-rated  A rating that means a cable has a special type of insulation that will not give off toxic gases should the cable be consumed by fire. Glossary

59. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.  Power over Ethernet (PoE)  An IEEE standard that specifies the supply of small amounts of electrical power to network devices such as cameras, IP phones, wireless access points, speakers, and phone or PDA chargers.  Reflected loss  The amount of signal reflected from the end of a cable.  Resistance  The opposition to direct current (DC) in a conductor. Glossary

60. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.  Reversed pair  A wiring fault that occurs when two pairs of a cable assembly have reversed two connections.  RG-6  A type of coaxial cable that has become the standard for Cable television (CATV) systems and satellite systems.  RG-8  A thick, rigid coaxial cable used in a 10Base5 network. Also called thicknet. Glossary

61. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.  RG-58  A thin, flexible coaxial cable used in a 10Base2 network. Also called thinnet.  Rollover cable  A special cable where the pin order is completely reversed on one end of the cable. Pin 1 connects to pin 8, pin 2 connects to pin 7, and so on.  Short  A wiring fault that occurs in cabling when two conductors are improperly connected, resulting in a shorter circuit path. Glossary

62. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.  Simplex  Communication that occurs in one direction only. An example of simplex communication is the transmission that occurs between a television station and a television.  Split pair  A wiring fault that occurs when two pairs of conductors are reversed in connection with another pair.  Terminating resistor  An electrical device that absorbs electrical signals when they reach the end of a network segment. Glossary

63. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.  Time to Live (TTL)  The maximum amount of time a packet is allowed to circulate through a network before it is destroyed.  Twisted pair  A type of cable that consists of four pairs of twisted conductors. Glossary