1. Stresses in Muslim Regions 1770s: All 3 Muslim Empires are in decline – Ottomans, Safavids and the Mughals Causes of Decline: – Corruption – Loss of control to powerful nobles, military and gilds Rise of Muslim Reform Movements: – Usman don Fodio: northern Africa – Muhammad Ahmad: Sudan – Wahhabi: Arabia

2. Effects of European Imperialism Threatened Muslim empires Used diplomacy & military threats to win unfair treaties Demanded special rights for Europeans living in Muslim lands Intervened in local affairs/impacted Muslim culture

3. Problems Within the Ottoman Empire Nationalism = spread from Western Europe – Caused multiethnic revolts, threats of breaking away – Egypt breaks away successfully European Pressure: – France seizes Algeria – Russia seeked control of Bosporus Strait and the Dardanelles…provide access to the Mediterranean

4. Ottoman Rulers Try to Westernize Reorganized system of tax collection Railroads Improved Education – Many were sent to the west to study, returned with ideas about democracy Hired Europeans to train their military Improved medical care and farming methods Unintended Consequences! – Better healthcare = increased population, increased competition for land, led to unrest – Many sultans were resistant to foreign ideas- wanted a return to autocracy

5. The Armenian Genocide Cause = nationalist tensions between Turkish nationalists and minorities Armenians = Christian people, concentrated in Eastern Ottoman Empire Muslim Turks accused Christian Armenians of conspiring with Russia against the Ottomans Result: Ottomans killed between 600,000-1.5 million Armenians over a 25 year period

6. Egypt Seeks to Modernize Muhammad Ali = introduced reforms – Tax collection – Landholding system – Irrigation projects – Participation in world trade – Used western military experts to train his army

7. The Suez Canal & The British 1859: French investors organize to build the canal Europeans extended loans to Egypt at very high interest – 1875: unable to pay back these loans – Result: shares of the canal were sold to the British 1882: Following intense revolts against foreign influence, Britain makes Egypt a protectorate

8. Persia (Iran) & European Powers Persia: not part of Ottoman Empire Russia wanted to protect its southern frontier, expand into central Asia Britain wanted to protect their Indian interests Early 1990s: OIL is discovered in Persia – Britain and Russia are granted concessions – Sparks conflict between Muslim religious leaders & those wanting to modernize in Iran