1. #Geog4B

2. What is Fracking? http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14432401 https://decc.blog.gov.uk/2015/09/23/shale-gas-an- inconvenient-truth-for-the-anti-fracking-lobby/ https://decc.blog.gov.uk/2015/09/23/shale-gas-an- inconvenient-truth-for-the-anti-fracking-lobby/

3. Cuadrilla http://www.cuadrilla resources.com/what- we-do/hydraulic- fracturing/ http://www.cuadrilla resources.com/what- we-do/hydraulic- fracturing/

4. UK Context

6. UK Regulation https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/about-shale- gas-and-hydraulic-fracturing-fracking/developing-shale-oil- and-gas-in-the-uk#evidence-on-safety-and-the-environment https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/about-shale- gas-and-hydraulic-fracturing-fracking/developing-shale-oil- and-gas-in-the-uk#evidence-on-safety-and-the-environment

7. SSSI http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/nov/04/uk- government-axes-plans-for-fracking-in-protected-nature-sites http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/nov/04/uk- government-axes-plans-for-fracking-in-protected-nature-sites

8. Health Concerns Breast Cancer UK – Chemicals used in the fracking process can leech into well water that rural communities depend on, and seep into underground aquifers and contaminate water supplies for people who live in far-off cities exposes people to endocrine disruptors and carcinogenic chemicals that are linked to breast cancer http://www.bcaction.org/our-take-on-breast-cancer/stop- fracking/ http://www.bcaction.org/our-take-on-breast-cancer/stop- fracking/

9. New York State Public Health Commissioner – Banned Fracking http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/dec/17/new-york- state-fracking-ban-two-years-public-health http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/dec/17/new-york- state-fracking-ban-two-years-public-health Serious health concerns after a 2 year report…. However, Texas has banned the banning of Fracking The governor of Texas, Greg Abbott, has signed a bill into law that prohibits cities and towns from banning a gas drilling practice known as hydraulic fracking, giving the state sole authority over oil and gas regulation http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/may/19/fracking- texas-governor-stops-cities-and-towns-banning-hydraulic-gas-mining http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/may/19/fracking- texas-governor-stops-cities-and-towns-banning-hydraulic-gas-mining

10. Toxicology and Pharmacology 2016 report Fracking does cause cancer (study based on mice) http://wakingscience.com/2016/02/fracking-wastewater-is- cancer-causing-new-study-confirms/ http://wakingscience.com/2016/02/fracking-wastewater-is- cancer-causing-new-study-confirms/

11. Public Health England report 2014 – No major concerns about Fracking However… http://www.isfrackingsafe.com/the-public-health-england- report-is-the-go-to-report-for-many-here-are-selected- concerns/ http://www.isfrackingsafe.com/the-public-health-england- report-is-the-go-to-report-for-many-here-are-selected- concerns/ The remit of the PHE report was extremely narrow and misses many of the issues that people are concerned about. Report admits that more research needs to be done

12. Places that do Fracking, hate it http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-33140732 Denton (the home of fracking) banned it, but had that ban overturned by the Texas governor

13. It will add to climate change However, shale gas is far less damaging than coal so we are moving in the right direction

14. Groundwater will be contaminated Lord Smith, former Chair Environment Agency, has said “groundwater contamination is the biggest environmental risk in this activity”. University of Glasgow disagrees There may be other reasons for opposing the use of indigenous gas resources, but aquifer pollution due to fracking at great depths is not one of them http://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/fracking-poses-no- danger-to-water-supplies-1-4113379#ixzz47DPVXoGs http://www.scotsman.com/news/politics/fracking-poses-no- danger-to-water-supplies-1-4113379#ixzz47DPVXoGs

15. http://www.cuadrillaresources.com/wp- content/uploads/2014/06/Cuadrilla-RW-Planning-Info- Booklet-webversion1.pdf http://www.cuadrillaresources.com/wp- content/uploads/2014/06/Cuadrilla-RW-Planning-Info- Booklet-webversion1.pdf

16. They cause earthquakes USGS Fracking causes extremely small earthquakes, but they are almost always too small to be a safety concern. In addition to natural gas, fracking fluids and salt water trapped in the same formation as the gas are returned to the surface. These wastewaters are frequently disposed of by injection into deep wells. The injection of wastewater and salt water into the subsurface can cause earthquakes that are large enough to be felt and may cause damage. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/british-columbia/study- confirms-link-between-fracking-earthquakes-in-western- canada/article29427905/ http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/british-columbia/study- confirms-link-between-fracking-earthquakes-in-western- canada/article29427905/ Proof of the link (2016)

17. Costs http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/dec/11/taxp ayers-fracking-pollution-companies http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/dec/11/taxp ayers-fracking-pollution-companies

18. House Prices http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/energy/fracking/117 12040/fracking-house-prices-defra-report.html http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/energy/fracking/117 12040/fracking-house-prices-defra-report.html

19. Water use and Waste disposal http://frack-off.org.uk/new-lancashire-threat-cuadrillas- fracking-plans/ http://frack-off.org.uk/new-lancashire-threat-cuadrillas- fracking-plans/

20. Road damage, congestion etc

21. Local concerns http://stopfyldefracking.org.uk/our-concerns/ http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/dec/14/fracking- hell-live-next-shale-gas-well-texas-us http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/dec/14/fracking- hell-live-next-shale-gas-well-texas-us Main protest group http://www.frackfreenorthwest.org/

23. It will lower energy prices Mr Cameron declared in 2013: "It’s simple – gas and electric bills can go down when our home-grown energy supply goes up.“ Stern report disagrees http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/sep/04/david- cameron-fracking-lord-stern http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/sep/04/david- cameron-fracking-lord-stern http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/energy/fracking/11681830 /George-Osborne-get-fracking-or-condemn-Britain-to-higher- energy-bills.html http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/energy/fracking/11681830 /George-Osborne-get-fracking-or-condemn-Britain-to-higher- energy-bills.html But later admits that it won’t reduce bills (not same thing) Cuadrilla admitted that any impact on bills would be “basically insignificant”

24. It will create jobs “We have lost 14,500 jobs locally, unemployment is at around 17 per cent and we have 42 per cent child poverty in some areas. http://www.lythamstannesexpress.co.uk/news/backing-the- fylde-frack-bid-1-7075344#ixzz47DCQja92 http://www.lythamstannesexpress.co.uk/news/backing-the- fylde-frack-bid-1-7075344#ixzz47DCQja92 Fracking company Cuadrilla has since admitted that the 6 year fracking project proposed in Lancashire would lead to just 11 jobs at each of the two sites, including those induced by the extra economic activity. A separate study has found that a programme of home insulation would create 10,000 jobs by 2020 in the North West alone.

25. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G9ciZcpIsJY

26. Latest Developments Thursday 28 April 2016A new Government survey of public attitudes on energy shows that support for fracking has hit an all-time low, while support for renewable energy has reached record highs (1).Only 19% of people support shale gas energy, with a significantly higher 31% of people opposing it outright, the highest level of opposition yet since the Government starting surveying public opinions on energy in 2012 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lancashire-35522919 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/energy/fracking/117 06809/Fracking-major-setback-for-shale-gas-industry-as- Cuadrilla-plans-rejected.html http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/energy/fracking/117 06809/Fracking-major-setback-for-shale-gas-industry-as- Cuadrilla-plans-rejected.html

27. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-lancashire-35642204 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire- 36090613 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire- 36090613 http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/dec/16/frac king-under-national-parks-approved-by-mps-amid-acrimony http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/dec/16/frac king-under-national-parks-approved-by-mps-amid-acrimony http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/oilprices/11352154/Oil- price-fall-cuts-fracking-costs-for-Cuadrilla.html http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/oilprices/11352154/Oil- price-fall-cuts-fracking-costs-for-Cuadrilla.html

28. Item 6 http://api.ning.com/files/oQgY2GZh0YZWZJpxv09*vMKGLNpz boEO-AIPi-kDz- F3z8WczpNjWTXG93tWMHEUMVbyOLAE3f131Ro0fbgJ02cf8s hwGXY8/MikeHillTimes.pdf http://api.ning.com/files/oQgY2GZh0YZWZJpxv09*vMKGLNpz boEO-AIPi-kDz- F3z8WczpNjWTXG93tWMHEUMVbyOLAE3f131Ro0fbgJ02cf8s hwGXY8/MikeHillTimes.pdf

29. Item 1 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/10 678417/UK-energy-security-at-risk-as-gas-imports-surge- Centrica.html http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/10 678417/UK-energy-security-at-risk-as-gas-imports-surge- Centrica.html http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/mar/25/fr acking-shale-russian-gas-imports-crimea-crisis http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/mar/25/fr acking-shale-russian-gas-imports-crimea-crisis http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-36160368

30. UK Energy Future https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/att achment_data/file/228944/7296.pdf https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/att achment_data/file/228944/7296.pdf http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jan/26/engi neers-warn-of-looming-uk-energy-gap http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jan/26/engi neers-warn-of-looming-uk-energy-gap http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/12 139151/UK-energy-crisis-deepens-as-SSE-plans-early-plant- closure.html http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/12 139151/UK-energy-crisis-deepens-as-SSE-plans-early-plant- closure.html http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/energy/nuclearpowe r/12186682/There-is-no-silver-bullet-to-solve-Britains-energy- crisis.html http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/energy/nuclearpowe r/12186682/There-is-no-silver-bullet-to-solve-Britains-energy- crisis.html

31. Options http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20081108143259/ http://berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/energy/sources/renewables/exp lained/index.html http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20081108143259/ http://berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/energy/sources/renewables/exp lained/index.html http://raconteur.net/infographics/energy-utilities-uk-factfile

32. Nuclear? http://www.engadget.com/2016/05/02/nuclear-reactor-may- cost-35-billion/ http://www.engadget.com/2016/05/02/nuclear-reactor-may- cost-35-billion/ http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/apr/22/edf- delays-hinkley-point-c-project-until-summer http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/apr/22/edf- delays-hinkley-point-c-project-until-summer http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/03/wind-and- solar-a-waste-of-money-for-uk-prof-sir-david-mackay-sai/ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/03/wind-and- solar-a-waste-of-money-for-uk-prof-sir-david-mackay-sai/ http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/apr/05/scra pping-hinkley-for-renewable-alternatives-will-save-tens-of- billions http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/apr/05/scra pping-hinkley-for-renewable-alternatives-will-save-tens-of- billions

33. Tidal? http://www.theecologist.org/essays/2987597/swansea_lagoo n_is_our_promised_green_energy_future_so_why_isnt_it_in_ the_energy_bill.html http://www.theecologist.org/essays/2987597/swansea_lagoo n_is_our_promised_green_energy_future_so_why_isnt_it_in_ the_energy_bill.html http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/oct/02/swa nsea-tidal-lagoon-project-faces-delays http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/oct/02/swa nsea-tidal-lagoon-project-faces-delays http://www.burnham-on-sea.com/news/2016/barrage-boss- call-29-02-16.php http://www.burnham-on-sea.com/news/2016/barrage-boss- call-29-02-16.php

34. Solar? http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/apr/13/sola r-power-sets-new-british-record-by-beating-coal-for-a-day http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/apr/13/sola r-power-sets-new-british-record-by-beating-coal-for-a-day

35. Wind? http://www.cps.org.uk/publications/reports/wind-chill-why- wind-energy-will-not-fill-the-uk-s-energy-gap/ http://www.cps.org.uk/publications/reports/wind-chill-why- wind-energy-will-not-fill-the-uk-s-energy-gap/ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article- 1345439/Customers-face-huge-wind-farms-dont-work- cold.html http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article- 1345439/Customers-face-huge-wind-farms-dont-work- cold.html

36. The North Sea? http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics- 35817176 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics- 35817176 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/04/06/north-sea- oil-profitability-plunges-to-near-20-year-lows/ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2016/04/06/north-sea- oil-profitability-plunges-to-near-20-year-lows/ http://www.crystolenergy.com/assessing-future-north-sea-oil- gas/ http://www.crystolenergy.com/assessing-future-north-sea-oil- gas/

37. Russian gas? http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/224b060c-af82-11e3-a006- 00144feab7de.html#axzz47m40c1Lj http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/224b060c-af82-11e3-a006- 00144feab7de.html#axzz47m40c1Lj http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/putins- gas-threat-what-happens-if-russia-cuts-the-gas-to-europe- 10074294.html http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/putins- gas-threat-what-happens-if-russia-cuts-the-gas-to-europe- 10074294.html

38. Fracking? http://blogs.wsj.com/source/2012/09/10/could-fracking-fill- germanys-energy-gap/ http://blogs.wsj.com/source/2012/09/10/could-fracking-fill- germanys-energy-gap/ http://www.newstatesman.com/business/2014/01/future- shale-gas-uk http://www.newstatesman.com/business/2014/01/future- shale-gas-uk http://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/072215/can- fracking-survive-60-barrel.asp http://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/072215/can- fracking-survive-60-barrel.asp

39. Brexit? http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/73ceb61e-ed28-11e5-bb79- 2303682345c8.html#axzz47m40c1Lj http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/73ceb61e-ed28-11e5-bb79- 2303682345c8.html#axzz47m40c1Lj