1. Earlier this year we learned about populations of organisms in pond water, when we studied the importance of biodiversity. Now, we move on to the human population. How many people are there…and just how do we know? http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/?utm_expid=4939992- 7.scuhn054Q5WXvFD9uRG9Xw.0&utm_referrer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3D%26esrc %3Ds%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D2%26ved%3D0CC4QFjAB%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.worldometers.info%252Fworld -population%252F%26ei%3DEKdfU52sDfSr2AXBoYD4AQ%26usg%3DAFQjCNErbPyUCHWnx-PRFhnobEtJRV06Mg

2. Migration is about perspective. People migrate in two ways. People move into a country where they are not a native, from another place. Immigration People move out of a country in which they are a native, to another place. Emigration Ellis Island: Processing in 1840’s Irish Potato Famine

3. Demography is a broad social science discipline concerned with the study of human populations. Demographers deal with the collection, presentation and analysis of data relating to the basic life-cycle events and experiences of people: birth, marriage, divorce, household and family formation, employment, level of education, income, aging, migration patterns, death.

4. Just how do we know how many people there are, anyway? Americans have one of the longest records of continuous population censuses, beginning with the first count in 1790--required, then as now, by the U.S. Constitution for the purpose of allocating seats in the House of Representatives. The U.S. Census Bureau--an arm of the Department of Commerce—since that time, has always conducted the census in years ending in 0. Our last census was taken in 2010!

5. In the Fall of 2012, the Earth’s human population reached a global milestone…there were 7 billion of us! Every second five people are born and two people die, a net gain of three people.. The 6 billion mark was reached on October 12 1999. According to this graph, what type of growth pattern is humanity experiencing? While US data comes to us from the census, and various estimation tools, like the post-censal data base, global data comes from the IDB (International Data Base)

6. At this rate, (net gain of 3 people per second) the world population is doubling every 40 years and would be:  48 billion in 120 years,  24 billion in 80 years, 12 billion in 40 years, However the United Nations estimates that we will only be at 12 billion in 120 years. Why has the world's population exploded in recent years and why might it stabilize during the next century? Why does ANY population of organisms stabilize? It reaches carrying capacity!!!

7. For thousands of years the human population was growing at a low but steadily increasing rate. Then in less than 200 years, the world population went from 1 billion to 6 billion people. Why? Because the balance between birth and death was broken. When birth rate equals death rate, there is a “0” population growth. When birth rate exceeds death rate, there is population growth. When death rate exceeds birth rate, there is a population decline.

8. 200 million couples have intercourse 100 million billion sperm are released 50 million ovules are produced 800,000 are fertilized 400,000 babies are born (Sorry, no pictures available) That’s 100,000,000,000,000,000 or 1 x 10 17

9. Scientists who study human population dynamics are known as… How can a person be both an immigrant, and an emigrant? Specify. How could the human population have gone from 1-6 billion in only 200 years? Describe the conditions for each of the following to occur: Zero population growth Population growth Population decline

10. How many babies could a woman biologically have in her lifetime? Fertility begins at 12-15 Fertility ends at menopause (50-60) Technically, a woman could give birth about every 10-18 months of her child-bearing years. Although, the youngest mother whose history is authenticated is Lina Medina, who delivered a 6½-pound boy by cesarean section in Lima, Peru in 1939, at an age of 5 years and 7 months. How many babies could each woman have? Hypothetically, a woman could have 32 babies over her lifetime, given the extreme statistics above, and that’s not accounting for multiples!

11. Looking at the lower end of the statistics, most women could potentially have 15 single- birth babies, but practically never achieve this number. Why? The main reasons are: Why isn’t the Earth overcome with babies?  The use of birth control  The practice of breastfeeding, nature's way to delay the next birth  The institution of marriage, which delays the first birth The highest officially recorded number of children born to one mother is 69, to the first wife of Feodor Vassilyev (1707-1782) of Russia. Between 1725 and 1765, she gave birth to 16 pairs of twins, seven sets of triplets, and four sets of quadruplets. 67 of them survived infancy.

12. Replacement fertility is the total fertility rate at which newborn girls would have an average of exactly 1 daughter over their lifetimes. In more familiar terms, women have just enough babies to replace themselves. If no women died until after child-bearing age, then replacement fertility would be close to 2. Slightly higher if you consider that the ratio of boys is slightly higher than girls globally. The Earth might well be overrun if the “Duggar” family was representative of the US!

13. The replacement fertility rate is roughly 2.1 births per woman for most industrialized countries, but ranges from 2.5 to 3.3 in developing countries because of higher mortality rates. Taken globally, the total fertility rate at replacement is 2.33 children per woman. At this rate, global population growth would trend towards zero. Why must each woman have 2.33 children globally, if she’s only replacing herself and her mate?

14. Death…an everyday experience 151,000 people die 30,000 of them are children dying from starvation under 5 50,000 people die from infection 35,000 from cardiovascular disease 15,000 die from cancer 10,000 die from violent means 10,000 children die from diarrhea 1,000 women die in childbirth

15. The recent global population growth is not the consequence of increased birth rates... but of an unprecedented decrease in death rate. The 20th century has resulted in victory over most famine-related and infant mortality, as well as significant advances in public health and medicine. Over eight hundred supercentenarians have been documented in history, and this is doubtless a fraction of the number who have actually lived to be older than 100. Only one 115-year life can be expected per 2.1 billion persons. The oldest person who ever lived, that can be thoroughly authenticated is Jeanne-Louise Calment. Susannah Mushatt Jones…currently world’s oldest person at 116

16. What is meant by replacement fertility? For what three reasons do human females rarely reach their total reproductive potential of 32 babies in a lifetime? What is the recent population growth of humans ultimately a result of? What are people who live to over 100 years of age known as? (no…it isn’t “old”)

17. With an increased lifespan and a more stable world population the proportion of older people will increase. Retirement age and retirement objectives will have to be revisited. Fewer middle-aged people supporting a large elderly population However, people living a longer and healthier life will consider themselves "older" later in life Who you callin’ old, sucka?

18. When demographers study populations, they divide the world up into regions. Developed countries are those that are industrialized and have a high standard of living. Some examples of developed countries are: America, All of Europe, Japan and Australia. Underdeveloped, and Developing countries occur where the standards of living are lower. Most are agricultural nations. Some developing countries are: India, East and Central Africa, and China. Developed countries have experienced both a decline in death rate, and a decline in the birth rate. Developing countries, on the other hand have experienced a decline in their death rate, but their birth rates haven’t fallen nearly so much. This has resulted in rapidly growing populations, poverty, starvation, and civil unrest in these parts of the world. The TFR (or total fertility rate) of a population is the average number of children born to a woman in her lifetime in that culture.

19. Developed countries usually have a much lower fertility rate due to greater wealth, education, and urbanization. Mortality rates are low, birth control is understood and easily accessible, and costs are often deemed very high because of education, clothing, feeding, and social amenities. Also, longer periods of time spent getting higher education and in the work force often mean women have children later in life. 2005-2010 TFR

20. In developing countries on the other hand, families desire children for their labor and as caregivers during old age. (no governmental compensation for elderly) Fertility rates are also higher due to the lack of access to contraceptives generally lower levels of female education and lower rates of female employment in industry.

21. What are some possible consequences of an “older” population? How do demographers divide up the world? How do birth and death rates vary from developed, to underdeveloped/developing countries? What is TFR? On what continent is TFR the highest? Discuss factors influencing TFR in developed countries…in developing countries…