1. Skeletal System Anatomy / Physiology Mr. Bryant

2. General Intro. Definition Definition Organs Organs Orthopedics Orthopedics

3. A.Functions 6 Major Functions 6 Major Functions Support / Framework Support / Framework Protection Protection Movement Movement Hemopoiesis Hemopoiesis Mineral storage Mineral storage Energy storage Energy storage

4. B.Basic Organization Two divisions Two divisions Axial Axial Axial Appendicular Appendicular Appendicular

5. C.Axial Skeleton Comprised of the vertebral column, ribs, and skull Comprised of the vertebral column, ribs, and skull Primarily protective in nature Primarily protective in nature

6. 1.Vertebral column (spine) Includes 26 bones (vertebrae) + intervertebral discs Includes 26 bones (vertebrae) + intervertebral discs 5 regions of vertebral column (spine) 5 regions of vertebral column (spine) Cervical (7) Cervical (7) Atlas / Axis Atlas / Axis Thoracic (12) Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5) Lumbar (5) Sacral (5 fuse to form 1 sacrum) Sacral (5 fuse to form 1 sacrum) Coccygeal (4 fuse to form 1 coccyx) Coccygeal (4 fuse to form 1 coccyx)

8. Disorders of spine Normal weight distribution based on proper curvature Normal weight distribution based on proper curvature 1 st – born with 2 nd – hold head up, 3 rd – crawling, 4 th - walking 1 st – born with 2 nd – hold head up, 3 rd – crawling, 4 th - walking Disorders related to irregular curvature Disorders related to irregular curvature Scoliosis Scoliosis Scoliosis Kyphosis (Hunchback) Kyphosis (Hunchback) Kyphosis (Hunchback) Kyphosis (Hunchback) Lordosis (Swayback) Lordosis (Swayback) Lordosis (Swayback) Lordosis (Swayback) Others Others Spina bifida Spina bifida Spina bifida Spina bifida Herniated (slipped) disc Herniated (slipped) disc Herniated (slipped) disc Herniated (slipped) disc

9. 2.Skull Two sets of bones Two sets of bones Cranial (8) – enclose brain, unfused initially (fontanels) in adult form (sutures) Cranial (8) – enclose brain, unfused initially (fontanels) in adult form (sutures) Frontal (1) Frontal (1) Parietal (2) Parietal (2) Occipital (1) Occipital (1) Foramen magnum Foramen magnum Temporal (2) Temporal (2) External auditory meatus External auditory meatus Sphenoid (1) Sphenoid (1) Ethmoid (1) Ethmoid (1) Contain conchae (scroll shaped extentions in upper nasal cavity) Contain conchae (scroll shaped extentions in upper nasal cavity)

10. Skull (con’t) Facial (14) Facial (14) Mandible (1) Mandible (1) TMJ TMJ Maxillae (2) Maxillae (2) Cleft palate Cleft palate Zygomatic (2) Zygomatic (2) Nasal (2) Nasal (2) Vomer (1) Vomer (1) Deviated septum Deviated septum Lacrimal (2) Lacrimal (2) Palatine (2) Palatine (2) Inferior nasal concha (2) Inferior nasal concha (2)

11. Skull (con’t) Sinuses Sinuses Definition Definition Importance of.. Importance of.. Misc. bones Misc. bones Auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) Auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) Hyoid Hyoid

12. Other axial organs 3.Sternum (1) 3.Sternum (1) 3 Parts 3 Parts Manubrium Manubrium Body Body Xiphoid process Xiphoid process 4.Ribs (24 – 12 pairs) 4.Ribs (24 – 12 pairs) 3 types 3 types True (1-7) True (1-7) False (8-10) False (8-10) Floating (11-12) Floating (11-12) Back

13. D.Appendicular Skeleton Bones in arms, legs, and girdles (points of attachment) Bones in arms, legs, and girdles (points of attachment) Associated primarily with movement Associated primarily with movement 1.Upper extremities 1.Upper extremities Pectoral girdle Pectoral girdle Clavical (2) Clavical (2) Scapula (2) Scapula (2) Arm Arm Humerus (2) Humerus (2) Ulna (2) Ulna (2) Radius (2) Radius (2) Hand Hand Carpals (16) – 2 rows of 4 in each hand Carpals (16) – 2 rows of 4 in each hand Metacarpals (10) Metacarpals (10) Phalanges (28) – 3 in each finger, 2 in thumb (pollex) Phalanges (28) – 3 in each finger, 2 in thumb (pollex)

14. Appendicular (con’t) 2.Lower Extremities 2.Lower Extremities Pelvic Girdle Pelvic Girdle Pair of coxal bones that fuse Pair of coxal bones that fuse Originally each was 3 (ilium, ishium, pubis) ** be able to identify each section Originally each was 3 (ilium, ishium, pubis) ** be able to identify each section Pubic symphysis (fibrocartilage) Pubic symphysis (fibrocartilage) Leg Leg Femur (2) Femur (2) Patella (2) Patella (2) Tibia (2) Tibia (2) Shinsplits Shinsplits Fibula (2) Fibula (2) Foot Foot Tarsals (14) Tarsals (14) Talus Talus Calcaneus Calcaneus Metatarsals (10) Metatarsals (10) Phalanges (14) – 3 in each except big toe (hallux) Phalanges (14) – 3 in each except big toe (hallux)

15. E. Anatomy of a bone Epiphysis – ends of bone Epiphysis – ends of bone Cancellous (spongy) bone Cancellous (spongy) bone Red bone marrow Red bone marrow Metaphysis – transition zone Metaphysis – transition zone Epiphyseal line (growth plate) Epiphyseal line (growth plate) Epiphyseal line (growth plate) Epiphyseal line (growth plate) Diaphysis – ‘shaft’ of bone Diaphysis – ‘shaft’ of bone Compact bone Compact bone Yellow bone marrow in medullary cavity Yellow bone marrow in medullary cavity Periosteum Periosteum Articular cartilage Articular cartilage

16. Back

17. F. Physiology of Osseous tissue Ossification Ossification 6-7 th week of fetal development 6-7 th week of fetal development Transition from cartilage -> osseous Transition from cartilage -> osseous Osteoblasts – build bone matrix (Calcium rich inorganic matrix + organic collagen fibers Osteoblasts – build bone matrix (Calcium rich inorganic matrix + organic collagen fibers Convert to osteocytes to maintain bone Convert to osteocytes to maintain bone

18. Bone remodeling (reabsorption) Bone remodeling (reabsorption) Osteoclasts Osteoclasts Develop from white blood cells Develop from white blood cells Homeostatic balance can be affected by: Homeostatic balance can be affected by: Exercise Exercise Increased levels of Vit. D,C,A Increased levels of Vit. D,C,A Diets high in Ca, P Diets high in Ca, P Human growth hormone Human growth hormone Sex hormones Sex hormones

19. G. Disorders Osteoporosis Osteoporosis Osteoporosis Gender Gender Age Age >30 in females, >60 in males >30 in females, >60 in males Rickets Rickets Rickets Vit. D deficient Vit. D deficient Fractures (example X-Rays) Fractures (example X-Rays) Fractures Hairline (stress) Hairline (stress) Simple Simple Compound Compound

20. Osteoporosis Back Symptoms: Symptoms: bones are abnormally porous, bone absorption (osteoclasts) outpaces bone deposition (osteoblasts) Video clip

21. Back