1. Unit 4: Fingerprints Objectives- You will be able to: Define the three basic properties that allow individual identification by fingerprints. Recognize and classify the three general ridge patterns (loops, whorls, and arches) Obtain an inked readable fingerprint for each finger

2. Q: What are fingerprints used for? A variety of purposes including: – Solving crimes Identity confirmation (passport, cashing checks, etc.) Determining the identity of the deceased Entrance control for buildings and rooms Clearance for employment Unit 4: Fingerprints

3. History of Fingerprinting First known use: nearly 4000 years as signatures on clay tablets.

4. History of Fingerprinting In late 1700’s, Andreas Mayer first noted that no two fingerprints are the same.

5. History of Fingerprinting In 1856, Herschel noted that they didn’t change with age.

6. History of Fingerprinting In 1879, Bertillon began keeping fingerprints of criminals in police files.

7. History of Fingerprinting Antropometry – The science of human measurements.

8. History of Fingerprinting In 1888, Galton developed the fingerprint classification system in use today.

9. History of Fingerprinting  In 1896, the ten card was invented, allowing them to be used in criminal investigations from then on.

10. Which leads to … Three fundamental principles that fingerprints follow: A fingerprint is an individual characteristic; no two people have been found with the exact same fingerprint pattern. A fingerprint pattern will remain unchanged for the life of an individual; however, the print itself may change due to permanent scars and skin diseases. Fingerprints have general characteristic ridge patterns that allow them to be systematically identified.

11. Principle One Mathematically, the probability for the existence of two identical fingerprint patterns in the world’s population is extremely small. Besides theoretical calculations, of the millions upon millions of individuals who have had their prints classified, no two fingerprints have been found to be identical. The individuality of a fingerprint is not determined by its general shape or pattern, but by the careful study of its ridge characteristics, known as minutiae.

12. Principle One (cont.) It is the identity, number, and relative location of these minutiae that imparts individuality to a fingerprint. There are as many as 150 minutiae on the average finger. In a judicial proceeding, an expert must demonstrate a point-by-point comparison in order to prove the identity of an individual.

13. Principle Two The epidermis is the outer layer of the skin, while the dermis is the inner layer of the skin. The dermal papillae is a layer of cells between the epidermis and dermis, that is responsible for determining the form and pattern of the ridges on the surface of the skin. Once the dermal papillae develop in the human fetus, the ridge patterns will remain unchanged throughout life except to enlarge during growth.

14. What is a Fingerprint? Our skin has ridges on the surface to help us grip things. Water, oil, and salt from our glands mix with dirt in the environment and stick to everything we touch, leaving a fingerprint. Dactyloscopy is the study of fingerprint identification. Police investigators are experts in collecting “dactylograms”, otherwise known as fingerprints.

15. Principle Three All fingerprints are divided into three classes on the basis of their general pattern: loops, arches, and whorls (L.A.W.).

16. Fingerprint Classes There are 3 specific classes for all fingerprints based upon their visual pattern: arches, loops, and whorls. Each group is divided into smaller groups as seen in the list below. Arch Plain arch Tented arch Loop Radial Loop Ulnar loop Whorl Plain whorl Central pocket loop Double loop Accidental

17. Arches Arches are the simplest type of fingerprints that are formed by ridges that enter on one side of the print and exit on the other. No deltas are present. Plain Arch Ridges enter on one side and exit on the other side. Tented Arches Similar to the plain arch, but has a spike in the center. Spike or “tent”

18. Loops Loops must have one delta and one or more ridges that enter and leave on the same side. Keep in mind that these are mirror images of anatomical features, so a print of a left loop looks like it is coming from the right side. Delta Right Loop Left Loop Delta

19. Loops If you know which hand the print came from, you can be more specific. These patterns are named for their positions related to the radius and ulna bones. Ulnar loops are far more common than radial loops. Delta Ulnar Loop (Left Hand) Loop opens toward the little finger (or ulna). Radial Loop (Left Hand) Loop opens toward the thumb (or radius). Delta Radius Ulna Left Hand

20. Whorls Whorls have at least one ridge that makes (or tends to make) a complete circuit. They also have at least two deltas. If a print has more than two deltas, it is most likely an accidental. Draw a line between the two deltas in the plain and central pocket whorls. If some of the curved ridges touch the line, it is a plain whorl. If none of the center core touches the line, it is a central pocket whorl. Plain Whorl Central Pocket Whorl

21. Whorls – Part 2 Accidental Whorl Accidental whorls contain two or more patterns (not including the plain arch), or does not clearly fall under any of the other categories. Double Loop Whorl Double loop whorls are made up of any two loops combined into one print. Delta

22. Interesting Info Fingerprint Fact: 60% of people have loops, 35% have whorls, and 5% have arches

23. Quick Tips If a fingerprint has no deltas, it is an arch. If a fingerprint has one delta, it is a loop. If a fingerprint has two or more deltas, it is a whorl. 1 Introduction to Basic Ridgeology by David Ashbaugh, May 1999 Image from http://www.cs.usyd.edu.au/~irena/minutia.gif koala one of the few mammals (besides primates) that has fingerprints. koala fingerprints are remarkably similar to human fingerprints; even with an electron microscope, it can be quite difficult to distinguish between the two.

24. Identify each fingerprint pattern. Right Hand Left Hand Right Hand

25. It’s time to make some prints! Avoid Partial Prints GOOD PRINT Get as much of the top part of your finger as possible!

26. Directions 1 st – Roll the “pad” portion of your thumb over the ink pad from the left side of your thumb to the right. You do not have to push down really hard! 2 nd – Roll the “pad” portion of your thumb from the left side of your thumb to the right in the correct box on your paper to make a thumbprint. 3 rd – Continue this process to make a fingerprint of all 5 fingers of right hand on the Index card. 4 th –Use your notes and a magnifying lens to help you figure out what type of pattern is found in each of your fingerprints. Label each one with the pattern’s name.

28. 1. What is the name given to the study of fingerprints? A. Dactyloscopy B. Palynology C. Entomology D. Trichology 2. Which of the following is NOT one of the 3 basic types of fingerprint patterns? A. Loops B. Whorls C. Arches D. Spirals 3. Which animal is said to have fingerprints virtually indistinguishable from those of human beings? A. Panda B. raccoon C. koala D. lemur 4. Who is generally recognized as being the first person to use fingerprints as a means of identification? A. Alphonse Bertillon C. Dr Henry Faulds B. Sir William HerschelD. Sir Edward Henry

29. A Closer Look at Fingerprints Image from ftp://sequoyah.nist.gov/pub/nist_internal_reports/ir_6534.pdf

30. Ridgeology: The study of the uniqueness of friction ridge structures and their use for personal identification. 1 1 Introduction to Basic Ridgeology by David Ashbaugh, May 1999 Image from http://www.cs.usyd.edu.au/~irena/minutia.gif koala one of the few mammals (besides primates) that has fingerprints. koala fingerprints are remarkably similar to human fingerprints; even with an electron microscope, it can be quite difficult to distinguish between the two. - fingerprint made of series of ridges and valleys on the surface of the finger. - uniqueness of fingerprint determined by the pattern of ridges and valleys as well as the minutiae points, points where ridge structure changes.

31. Ridge Characteristics

32. http://cnx.org/content/m12574/latest/properties.jpg Examples of Ridge Characteristics Crossover Core Bifurcation (fork) Ridge ending Island Delta Pore Scar or Crease

33. http://www.dkfz.de/tbi/projects/bmcv/images/iu_it246_04s_fingerprint1.jpg How many ridge characteristics can you identify in this fingerprint? ridge ending pores dot / island bifurcation short ridge ridge ending dot / island short ridge bifurcation

34.  When minutiae on two different prints match, these are called points of similarity or points of identification.  At this point there is no international standard for the number of points of identification required for a match between two fingerprints.  Most matches require at least 10 points.  United Kingdom requires a minimum sixteen points  Australia requires twelve. Fingerprint Identification

35. Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) AFIS is a computerized system capable of reading, classifying, matching, and storing fingerprints for criminal justice agencies. Quality latent fingerprints are entered into the AFIS for a search for possible matches against state maintained databases for fingerprint records to help establish the identity of unknown deceased persons or suspects in a criminal case. http://www.fdle.state.fl.us/CrimeLab/images/fingerrint%20comparison%20for%20afis.jpg

36. Use an inkpad to create a set of your fingerprints and then use the information presented in this lesson to identify the ridge characteristics. Try It!