1. Today’s Objective To identify that fingerprints are individual characteristics that remain unchanged throughout an individual’s lifetime To explain why we have fingerprint ridges and sketch where they are located in the skin

2. INTRODUCTION TO FINGERPRINTING 2

3. Why do we have fingerprints? Friction ridges

4. What leaves the prints? Oils Sweat, perspiration Some people don’t leave prints good prints due to lack of oils in their skin. They are called “non- secretors”.

5. Each friction ridge is lined with sweat pores that create the continuous pattern of the print.

6. It is very, very, very rare that someone has no prints:

7. Cross Section of Skin: Fat Dermis Epidermis Papillae

8. The layer between the Epidermis and Dermis is called the dermal papillae. The dermal papillae causes the different ridge patterns.

9. Cross Section of Skin Draw a cross section of skin picture like the one in your textbook. Format: – Label “Cross Section of Skin” on TOP – Draw picture – Color picture – Label each part of the cross section of the skin

10. Today’s Objective To identify Loop, Arch, and Whorl Patterns of fingerprints To practice the technique of rolling fingerprints

11. LOOP LOOPS – Comes in – Recurves – Goes back out same side – Usually curving around a delta 11

12. ARCH – In one side – Rises – Falls – Goes out the other side 12

13. WHORL – Ridge recurves around 2 deltas 13

14. L.A.W. 14 LOOP ARCH WHORL

15. Practice Prints One Practice taking your prints on paper: You need: – All 10 fingers labeled Example: Right thumb – Label each finger pattern Loop, Arch, or Whorl – Frame out the pattern As seen in your notes Use RED pen Label the paper: Practice Prints One. Get used to sharing materials!

16. Today’s Objective To identify LAW patterns in-depth To create an Modus Operandi Sheet of your own fingerprints

17. In Depth Classifying 8-TYPES Looking in depth, there are really 8 basic patterns. 17

18. LOOP-In Depth LOOP-the ridges flow inward and then recurve in the direction of the origin. --A single delta type divergence must be present in front of the recurving ridges Radial Loop-Ridges flow from the recurve toward the radius or thumb side of the hand (approximately 5% of all fingerprint patterns) Ulnar Loop-Friction ridges flow from and recurve toward the ulna or little finger side of the hand, (Approximately 60% of all fingerprint patterns)“PU” 18 Radial Loop Ulnar Loop

19. ARCH-In Depth ARCH-Ridges enter on one side of the impression and tend to flow out the other side with a rise in the center Plain Arch-Ridges enter, wave or rise and exit smoothly Tented Arch-Ridges in the center thrust upward to give an appearance similar to a tent. Inside angle is smaller than 90 degrees Both types of arches comprise about 6% of all fingerprint patterns 19 Plain Arch Tented Arch

20. WHORL-In Depth WHORL-At least two delta type divergences are present with recurving ridges in front of each. (whorls comprise approximately 29% of all fingerprint patterns) Plain Whorl-One or more ridges form a complete revolution around the center (2 deltas) Central Pocket Loop Whorl- Some ridges form a loop pattern which recurves and surrounds a central whorl (1 delta) 20 Plain Whorl Central Pocket Loop Whorl

21. Additional Types Double Loop-Two separate loops are present, which sometimes surround each other. Sometimes called Double Loop Whorl (ying / yang) Accidental-Any pattern which does not conform to any of the previous patterns 21 Double Loop Accidental

22. Modus Operandi A Modus Operandi, or MO, is used to describe someone’s habits or manner of working. At a crime scene it would describe how the suspect’s methods of committing the crime. Serial killings generally are profiled by criminal profilers using the modus operandi of the particular serial killer. Here, we use the MO sheet to “identify” you by your fingerprints. Complete the MO Sheet: – No smudges or blurry prints. – You should see individual ridge patterns. – Label Classification as LAW – You do not have to fill out the top information – only put your name. – Have your sheet approved by Mrs. Dhaibar when it is complete.

23. Today’s Objective To differentiate between types of minutia in fingerprints To recognize the importance of fingerprint individualization To perform proper technique in rolling someone’s prints

24. BEYOND THE PATTERN FINGERPRINT INDIVIDUALIZATION

25. BIFURCATION 25

26. SPUR 26

27. RIDGE ENDING 27

28. BRIDGE or CROSSOVER 28

29. LAKE or ENCLOSURE 29

30. DOT or ISLAND INDEPENDENT RIDGE 30

31. Just the presence of these minutia does not individualize a print It is the exact type of minutia as well as the minutia location that individualizes a print NO TWO PRINTS HAVE EVER BEEN FOUND TO HAVE THE SAME MINUTIA IN THE SAME PLACE Therefore, you can conclude if you are comparing two prints, and they do have the same markings in the same place you must be looking at the same print What next... 31

32. So how many correlations prove a match? It was in 1918 when Edmond Locard wrote that if 12 points (Galton's Details) were the same between two fingerprints, it would suffice as a positive identification. This is where the often quoted (12 points) originated. 32

33. Be aware though, there is "NO" required number of points necessary for an identification. Some countries have set their own standards which do include a minimum number of points, but not in the United States. Most agencies intentionally vary the number of correlations to avoid a standard or pattern.

34. Practice Prints II Take someone else’s prints Label each print: Example – Right thumb Label Loop, Arch, or Whorl for each print Find 3 points of minutia for each finger; frame out and label with RED pen

35. Today’s Objective To analyze and individualize your own prints

36. Setting up the match On the next two slides you will see 2 methods of individualizing a print Both methods are accepted The second method is the preferred method for court cases. In this instance they put the two comparative prints side by side and show by number the correlation points 36

37. 37

38. 1 2 3 4 56 7 8 9 1011 3-Bifurcation 4-Dot 5-Bifurcation 6-Lake 1-Independent Ridge 2-Ridge Ending 9-Ridge Ending 10-Bifurcation 11-Ridge Ending 7-Crossover 8-Ridge Ending 38

39. Individualization Assignment Individualize 5 of your own prints: – Find 12 points of minutia per finger – Identify each point of minutia by labeling them with a number then providing the name of that minutia point on the lines provided

40. Today‘s Objective To perform proper rolling techniques to produce “Perfect Prints” To produce an FBI card to create a database of available prints

41. Perfect Prints Test Make “Perfect Prints” of each of your 10 fingers. Be sure to put your name, block, date, finger you used, and pattern – LAW DO NOT put anything where it says (teacher)!! Show Mrs. Dhaibar for approval before submitting. DO NOT put these Perfect Prints in your folder You will match these Perfect Prints to FBI cards for a “MATCH Test”!

42. FBI Cards Make your own FBI card ONLY put your name on the card – do not fill in any other information Submit to Mrs. Dhaibar for approval

43. Today’s Objective To research additional fingerprint information Bookwork: – P. 430 1-40 Worksheet Identify the fingerprint worksheet Fingerprint Folder to Date: Deadly Picnic Cross Section of Skin Practice Prints 1 MO Sheet Practice Prints 2 Finger Individualization – Five Fingers Bookwork p. 430-431 Identify the fingerprint worksheet