1. Integrating Quotations

2. How skilled is this author? Beer drinking has been a popular social activity for thousands of years. "Since the Egyptians first fermented grain along the banks of the Nile, beer has been a part of almost every society."

3. Good? Beer drinking has been a popular social activity for thousands of years. "Since the Egyptians first fermented grain along the banks of the Nile, beer has been a part of almost every society" (Williams, 2003, p. 65).

4. Better? Beer drinking has been a popular social activity for thousands of years. According to Paul Williams (2003), "since the Egyptians first fermented grain along the banks of the Nile, beer has been a part of almost every society" (p. 65).

5. Best? Beer drinking has been a popular social activity for thousands of years. Anthropologist Paul Williams (2003) writes that "since the Egyptians first fermented grain along the banks of the Nile, beer has been a part of almost every society" (p. 65).

6. Definitely Expert Beer drinking has been a popular social activity for thousands of years. In his 2003 book The Birth of Beer, anthropologist Paul Williams writes that "since the Egyptians first fermented grain along the banks of the Nile, beer has been a part of almost every society" (p. 65).

7. When quoting: Always provide a context for your quotation

8. Introduce with a signal phrase According to… As author argues in book, Another view is provided by…

9. Signal: Who said it? Researcher-focused McPherson (1990) reported that “in the 1960’s, two-year colleges were the underdogs of the American education system.”

10. Signal: What was said? Idea-focused “Two-year colleges were the underdogs of the American education system” during the 1960s (McPherson, 1990).

11. Signal: When was it said? Chronology-focused In 1990, McPherson reported that “in the 1960’s, two-year colleges were the underdogs of the American education system” ( “Create,” Where to Place Parenthetical Citations section).

12. Why am I reading this long ¶? On the night of April 26, 1777, Sybil Ludington, age 16, rode through towns in New York and Connecticut to warn that the Redcoats were coming... to Danbury, CT. All very Paul Reverish, except Sybil completed HER ride, and SHE thus gathered enough volunteers to help beat back the British the next day. Her ride was twice the distance of Revere's. No poet immortalized (and faked) her accomplishments, but at least her hometown was renamed after her… (Stuber, 2000).

13. Why am I reading this long ¶? Many women have performed heroic and historically important deeds. Yet their contributions were often unrecognized. Irene Stuber (2000) compares the stories of the famous Paul Revere and an unknown colonial teenager: On the night of April 26, 1777, Sybil Ludington, age 16, rode through towns in New York and Connecticut to warn that the Redcoats were coming... (Herstory, #365).

14. Do I agree or disagree? A 1985 study by Stephen K. Layson, University of North Carolina, showed that 1 execution deterred 18 murders.

15. Do I agree or disagree? A 1985 study by Stephen K. Layson, University of North Carolina, showed that 1 execution deterred 18 murders. However, other studies suggest that capital punishment may actually increase violent crime: California averaged 6 executions a year from 1952 to 1967, and had twice the murder rate than the period from 1968 until 1991 when there were no executions. In New York, from 1907 to 1964, months immediately following an execution showed a net increase of two murders - an average over a 57-year period. ( Jones, 2003)

16. When quoting: Always provide a context for your quotation Avoid having two quotations back-to- back

17. Avoid back-to-back quotations “ Men grow up in a world in which a conversation is often a contest, either to achieve the upper hand or to prevent other people from pushing them around. For women, however, talking is often a way to exchange confirmation and support. ” “ Since women often think in terms of closeness and support, they struggle to preserve intimacy. Men, concerned with status, tend to focus more on independence. ”

18. Can you fix this? “ Men grow up in a world in which a conversation is often a contest, either to achieve the upper hand or to prevent other people from pushing them around. For women, however, talking is often a way to exchange confirmation and support. ” “ Since women often think in terms of closeness and support, they struggle to preserve intimacy. Men, concerned with status, tend to focus more on independence. ” Quotations are from linguist Deborah Tannen’s You Just Don’t Understand (1991). She is an expert on gender communication.

19. Avoid back-to-back quotations Linguist Deborah Tannen (1991) notes that men and women often have different approaches to conversation. Since men tend to see conversation as a “contest,” their goal is to maintain their status. Since women generally use conversation “to exchange confirmation and support,” their goal is to stay connected and “preserve intimacy.”

20. Signal shift in sources According to Tannen (1991), genuine debate has been replaced by an “argument culture” in which people reflexively attack others’ positions. Careful reading reveals that Tannen is not suggesting that everyone should just be nice to each other and try to get along.