1. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Cycle 1 Gynaecological Nursing NUR 352 Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Second & Third Lecture Mr. Othman Ta’ani

2. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Cycle2 General objective To understand anatomy and physiology of female reproductive system. Specific objective At the end of this lecture the student should be able to: 1- Identify the external female genital organs. 2- Identify the internal female genital organs. 3- List the functions of ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina. 4- Explain the three main tissue layers of the uterus.

3. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Cycle3 Anatomy of female reproductive system consists of: Bony pelvis & soft tissue soft tissue consists of: External female genital organs {The Vulva}. Internal female genital organs.

4. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Cycle4 External female genital organs {The Vulva} consists of the following structures 1. The mons pubis: is a pad of fat, covered with pubic hair from the time of puberty Function: is the protection of the symphysis pubis during intercourse Location: over the symphysis pubis.

5. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Cycle5 Anatomy of female reproductive system consists of:

6. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Cycle6 The Vulva consists of the following structures 2. The labia majora : are two folds of fat and areolar tissue, covered with skin and pubic hair on the outer surface. Function: is the protection of the vaginal introitus Location: arise in the mons pubis and merge into the perineum behind.

7. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Cycle7 The Vulva consists of the following structures 3. The labia minora : two thin folds of skin lying between the labia majora. Anteriorly, divide to enclose the clitoris, posteriorly, fuse forming the fourchette. Function: is erotic, in response to stimulation and are highly sensitive. Location: between the labia majora

8. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Cycle8 The Vulva consists of the following structures 4. The clitoris: (corresponding to the male penis). is a small rudimentary organ, very sensitive and highly vasculars Function: is sexual stimulation.( plays a part in the orgasm of sexual intercourse.)

9. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Cycle9 The Vulva consists of the following structures 5. The vestibule: Location: the area in which the openings of the urethra and the vagina are situated & enclosed by the labia minora. 6. The urethral orifice Location :2.5 cm posterior to the clitoris

10. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Cycle10 The Vulva consists of the following structures 7. The Vaginal orifice (Vaginal introitus) Location :occupies the posterior two-thirds of the vestibule. The orifice is partially closed by the hymen 8. The Hymen, a thin membrane which tears during sexual intercourse or during the birth of the first child. It has one or more openings to allow escape of menstrual blood.

11. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Cycle11 The Vulva consists of the following structures 9. Bartholin's glands : are two small glands which open on either side of the vaginal orifice Function: secrete mucus, which lubricates the vaginal opening. Location: in the posterior part of the labia majora

12. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Cycle12 INTERNAL GENITALIA The internal genitalia consists of the: Vagina Cervix Uterus Fallopian Tubes Ovaries

13. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Cycle13

14. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Cycle14 VAGINA The vagina connects the cervix to the external genitals It is located between the bladder and rectum It functions : As a passageway for the menstrual flow For uterine secretions to pass down through the introitus As the birth canal during labor

15. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Cycle15 VAGINAL OPENING INTROITUS Opening may be covered by a thin sheath called the hymen The hymen can be perforated by many different events

16. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Cycle16 PERINEUM The muscle and tissue located between the vaginal opening and anal canal It supports and surrounds the lower parts of the urinary system The perinium contains an abundance of nerve endings that make it sensitive

17. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Cycle17 CERVIX The cervix connects the uterus to the vagina The cervical opening to the vagina is small This acts as a safety precaution against foreign bodies entering the uterus During childbirth, the cervix dilates to accommodate the passage of the fetus This dilation is a sign that labor has begun

18. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Cycle18 UTERUS Commonly referred to as the womb A pear shaped organ The powerful muscles of the uterus expand to accommodate a growing fetus and push it through the birth canal

19. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Cycle19 UTERUS Layers of the Uterine Wall Outer layer = the Serosa or perimetrium Middle layer = the muscularis or myometrium. The Inner layer = the mucosa of the endometrium.

20. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Cycle20 UTERUS Function of uterus: shelter the fetus during pregnancy. It prepares for this possibility each month and following pregnancy it expels the uterine contents. Location: situated in the true pelvis, between the bladder and rectum.( In pelvic cavity)

21. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Cycle21 FALLOPIAN TUBES Serve as a pathway for the ovum to the uterus Are the site of fertilization by the male sperm Often referred to as the oviducts or uterine tubes Fertilized egg takes approximately 6 to 10 days to travel through the fallopian tube to implant in the uterine lining

22. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Cycle22

23. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Cycle23 FALLOPIAN TUBES Functions: 1-Receives the spermatozoa as they travel upwards 2- provides a site for fertilization. 3-Ovum transport and pick up. 4-Embryo transport and nourishment.

24. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Cycle24 OVARIES 1. The ovaries: (female gonads) comparable to the testes in the male & similar to almonds in size& shape. Location: Are located on either side of the uterus,below and behind the fimbriated ends of the ova ducts. Functions: The ovaries produce ova (ovulation) and the hormones estrogen, progesterone.

25. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Cycle25 OVARIES The female glands They develop and expel an ovum each month A woman is born with approximately 400,000 immature eggs called follicles During a lifetime a woman release about 400 to 500 fully matured eggs for fertilization The follicles in the ovaries produce the female sex hormones, progesterone and estrogen These hormones prepare the uterus for implantation of the fertilized egg

26. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Cycle26 BREASTS Organs of sexual arousal Contain mammary glands Consist of connective tissue that serves as support Each breast contain 15-25 clusters called lobes Each lobule is connected by ducts that open into the nipples The nipples are made up of erectile tissue The pigmented around the nipples are called the areola Breast size is determined primarily by heredity Size also depends on the existing fat and glandular tissue Breasts may exhibit cyclical changes, including increased swelling and tenderness prior to menstruation

27. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Cycle27 Placenta Functions of the Placenta Transfers blood and nutrition from the mother to the fetus. Transfer waste product from the fetal metabolism to the maternal circulation for disposal. Maternal circulation is separated from the fetal circulation The umbilical cord consist of two arteries and one vein

28. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Cycle28 SEX HORMONES Follicle stimulating hormone FHS Luteinizing hormone LH- signals ovulation Estrogen- produced throughout the menstrual cycle Progesterone-produced during second half of cycle Both FHS and LH are produced in the pituitary gland Both estrogen and progesterone are produced by the follicles in the ovaries

29. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Cycle29

30. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Cycle30 The Menstrual Cycle

31. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Cycle31 MENSTRUATION Menarch, the onset of menstruation signals the bodily changes that transform a female body Average age is 12yrs Amount of bleeding varies from woman to woman Expulsion of blood clots Blood color can vary from bright red to dark Usually occurs every 25 to 32 days Women can experience fluid retention, cramping, mood swings, weight gain, breast tenderness, diarrhea/ constipation

32. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Cycle32 Biology and the Menstrual Cycle Menstrual cycle is regulated by fluctuating levels of sex hormones. These hormones produce certain changes in the ovaries and uterus.

33. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Cycle33 Ovarian Cycle

34. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Cycle34 The Phases of the Menstrual Cycle 1. Follicular phase 2. Ovulation 3. Luteal phase 4. Menstruation

35. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Cycle35 What Happens in the Ovaries During the Menstrual Cycle Follicular phase - high levels of FSH secreted. Function is to stimulate follicles in the ovaries. One follicle begins to ripen and brings an egg to maturity. Follicle secretes estrogen. Ovulation - follicle ruptures open and releases the ripened egg.

36. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Cycle36 What Happens in the Ovaries During the Menstrual Cycle Luteal phase - after releasing an egg, the follicle turns into the corpus luteum and manufactures progesterone. Menstruation - shedding of the inner lining of the uterus.

37. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Cycle37 What Happens in the Uterus During the Menstrual Cycle Follicular phase - high levels of estrogen stimulate the endometrium. Luteal phase - progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum stimulates the glands of the endometrium to start secreting nourishing substances.

38. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Cycle38 What Happens in the Uterus During the Menstrual Cycle Corpus luteum continues to produce estrogen and progesterone for about 10 to 12 days. If pregnancy has not occurred, hormone output declines. Menstrual fluid is combination of blood from the endometrium, degenerated cells, and mucus from the cervix and vagina. The ovaries call the shots in regulating the cycle.

39. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Cycle39 Length and Timing of the Menstrual Cycle Normal menstrual cycle = 20 to 36 - 40 days; average is about 28 days. In an average cycle: Menstruation begins on day 1 and continues until about day 4 or 5. Follicular phase - about days 5-13. Ovulation occurs on day 14. Luteal phase - day 15 to the end of the cycle, day 28.

40. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Cycle40 * From Up to Date: “The Normal Menstrual Cycle” 2008

41. Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System Female Reproductive Cycle41