1. 14.1 Church Reform and the Crusades The Catholic Church underwent reform and launched Crusades against Muslims.

2. The Age of Faith Spiritual Revival – Starting in the 900s, monasteries help bring about a spiritual revival – Reformers help restore and expand Church power Founded in 910, this is the Benedictine Abbey of Cluny as it looked in 2004. Coat of Arms of Cluny Abbey: "Gules two keys in saltire the wards upwards and outwards or overall a sword in pale argent".

3. Problems in the Church Some Church officials marry even though the Church objects Some officials practice simony—selling religious offices Kings use lay investiture to appoint bishops Reformers believe only the Church should appoint bishops

4. Reform and Church Organization Starting in the 1100s, popes reorganize the Church like a kingdom Pope’s advisors make Church laws; diplomats travel throughout Europe Church collects tithes; uses money to care for sick or poor “Peasants paying tithes” (17 th century) school of Pieter Brueghel the Younger

6. New Religious Orders Dominican and Franciscan orders form Friars in these orders vow poverty; travel and preach to the poor Some new orders for women are founded Portrait of a Carmelite friar, about 1610, by Peter Paul Rubens

7. Cathedrals—Cities of God Early Cathedrals – Between 800- 1100, churches are built in Romanesque style – Style includes thick walls and pillars, small windows, round arches

8. A New Style of Church Architecture Gothic style evolves around 1100; term from Germanic tribe, Goths Gothic style has large, tall windows for more light; pointed arches Churches have stained glass windows, many sculptures About 500 Gothic churches are built from 1170 to 1270

9. Gothic Architecture The master builders in France, where the Gothic style originated, developed techniques of structural engineering that were key to Gothic architecture: 1.ribbed vaults that supported the roof’s weight 2.flying buttresses that transferred weight to thick, exterior walls 3.pointed arches that framed huge stained glass windows 4.tall spires that seemed to be pointing to heaven

10. The Crusades: The Beginning In 1093, Byzantine emperor asks for help fighting the Turks Pope Urban II issues a call for a Crusade—a “holy war” Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos who asked Pope Urban II for help (left) Artistic depiction of Pope Urban II (left), and him preaching the First Crusade (right)

11. Pope Urban II Pope Urban II read the letter asking for help and called for a “holy war” or CRUSADE He said those who fought and died in the Crusades would be promised a spot in Heaven with all sins forgiven

12. The Invaders In 1093, Byzantine Emperor named Alexius Comnenus ask for help against invaders – THE INVADERS: The Muslim Turks aka Ottoman Turks The Muslim Turks were trying to take over the Byzantine capital of CONSTANTINOPLE

13. Goals of the Crusades Pope wants to reclaim Jerusalem and reunite Christianity Knights and Commoners: fired by religious zeal (passion) Kings use Crusades to send away knights who cause trouble Younger sons hope to earn land or win glory by fighting (although historian Rodney Stark in God’s Battalions: The Case for the Crusades disagrees with that theory because the first three crusades were led by the heads of the royal families of Europe). Later, merchants join Crusades to try to gain wealth through trade.

14. First Crusade: 1096-1099 Pope promises Crusaders who die a place in heaven First Crusade: three armies gather at Constantinople in 1097 Crusaders capture Jerusalem in 1099 Captured lands along coast divided into four Crusader states

15. Second Crusade: 1147-1148 Muslims take back Edessa in 1144; Second crusade fails to retake it In 1187, Saladin— Muslim leader and Kurdish warrior— retakes Jerusalem Left: an artistic representation of Saladin Right: Saladin the Victorious by Gustave Dore

16. The Third Crusade: 1189-1192 The Third Crusade was led by three powerful rulers Richard I of England—”The Lion-Hearted” Phillip II of France Frederick I “Barbarossa” of the Holy Roman Empire (Germany)

17. The Third Crusade : 1189-1192 One is Richard the Lion- Hearted—king of England The Robin Hood stories and legends often surround Richard I returning from the Third Crusade. 19th-century portrait of Richard by Merry-Joseph Blondel

18. The Third Crusade: 1189-1192 Phillip II of France abandons Crusade after arguing with Richard The argument was over Richard breaking off an engagement with Phillip’s sister.

19. The Third Crusade : 1189-1192 Frederick I of Germany (Holy Roman Empire) drowns during the journey Right: A depiction of Frederick I drowning in the Saleph River in Turkey from the Saxon Chronicle.

20. The Third Crusade : 1189-1192 In 1192 Richard and Saladin make peace after many battles Saladin keeps Jerusalem but allows Christian pilgrims to enter the city

21. The Crusading Spirit Dwindles: The Later Crusades Fourth Crusade (1200- 1204) – Crusaders sack the Christian city Zara and are excommunicated by the pope for it. – The Venetian leadership keeps their excommunication a secret. Then Crusaders sack Constantinople in 1204 Two other Crusades strike Egypt, but fail to weaken the Muslims Looting of Constantinople, painting by Eugene Delacroix, 1840

23. The Children’s Crusade The traditional story says that in 1212 thousands of children possibly die or are enslaved in a failed crusade. But these stories are surrounded by legend and fiction. The fact that this really happened is disputed. The Children’s Crusade by Gustave Doré This event may very well merely be a legend embellished over time.

24. Two Stories about the Children’s Crusade Leader: Nicholas Country: Germany Purpose: intended to lead a crusade to convert the Muslims to Christianity by the preaching of children. Nicholas promised a miracle that the waters of the Mediterranean would divide so they could walk to the Holy Land. Result: A following of about 7,000 people, both adults and children arrive in Genoa, Italy after preaching a crusade throughout Germany and crossing the Alps. The waters did not divide. The movement continues to Rome but begins to break up. The Pope instructs the group to return home. Nicholas does not survive the return home. Leader: Nicholas Country: Germany Purpose: intended to lead a crusade to convert the Muslims to Christianity by the preaching of children. Nicholas promised a miracle that the waters of the Mediterranean would divide so they could walk to the Holy Land. Result: A following of about 7,000 people, both adults and children arrive in Genoa, Italy after preaching a crusade throughout Germany and crossing the Alps. The waters did not divide. The movement continues to Rome but begins to break up. The Pope instructs the group to return home. Nicholas does not survive the return home. Leader: Stephen Country: France Purpose: He claims Jesus appeared to him and gave him a letter for the king of France. Result: Phillip II, king of France is unimpressed. Stephen, however, continues to preach and tries to lead a group to Marseilles. It seems like many surviving youths returned to their families. Leader: Stephen Country: France Purpose: He claims Jesus appeared to him and gave him a letter for the king of France. Result: Phillip II, king of France is unimpressed. Stephen, however, continues to preach and tries to lead a group to Marseilles. It seems like many surviving youths returned to their families.

25. A Spanish Crusade Most of Spain controlled by Moors, a Muslim people Christians fight Reconquista—drive Muslims from Spain, 1100-1492 Spain has Inquisition— court to suppress heresy; expels non- Christians Inquisition scene of people accused of heresy being tortured.

26. The Effects of the Crusades Crusades show power of Church in convincing thousands to fight Women who stay home manage the estate and business affairs Merchants expand trade, bring back many goods from Southwest Asia Failure of later crusades weakens pope and nobles, strengthens kings Crusades create lasting bitterness between Muslims and Christians Positives: – Stimulated trade throughout the Mediterranean and Middle East – Europe learns much from the Muslims