1. High Medieval Europe (ca. 900-1300)

2. High Medieval Europe What is the stereotype of the Middle Ages in Europe we have inherited? What is the stereotype of the Middle Ages in Europe we have inherited? How can we now view the Middle Ages as a time of progress and innovation? How can we now view the Middle Ages as a time of progress and innovation?

3. Economy and Society The Social Orders The Social Orders Oratores Oratores Bellatores Bellatores Laboratores (SERFS) Laboratores (SERFS)

4. Economy and Society Personal Dependency Personal Dependency Lords and Vassals Lords and Vassals VASSALS served lords VASSALS served lords Lords provided land Lords provided land Lords and peasants Lords and peasants Peasants worked, paid dues Peasants worked, paid dues Status was hereditary Status was hereditary Lords provided necessities Lords provided necessities Reeve, and serfs at work

5. Economy and Society Agricultural Innovations Agricultural Innovations Three-field system Three-field system Iron plowshare Iron plowshare Horses Horses Results Results Better standard of living Better standard of living Population doubled Population doubled

6. Economy and Society

7. The Guilds The Guilds Formed by urban merchants and artisans Formed by urban merchants and artisans Nature of guilds Nature of guilds *Economic: standards for products, additional regulations *Economic: standards for products, additional regulations Also social, spiritual Also social, spiritual Guild hierarchy: masters, journeymen, apprentices Guild hierarchy: masters, journeymen, apprentices

8. Economy and Society Engaging in the Economy Engaging in the Economy CREDIT CREDIT Loans Loans Usury Usury

9. Economy and Society Expansion of Trade Expansion of Trade Fairs Fairs More seaborne trade More seaborne trade Contact with Mongol Empire  more trade! Contact with Mongol Empire  more trade! Medieval Fair Court of Kubilai Khan

10. Economy and Society Questions? Questions?

11. The Emerging Western States England (9th-10th cents.) England (9th-10th cents.) Small kingdoms Small kingdoms Viking occupation Viking occupation KING ALFRED THE GREAT (r. 871-899) KING ALFRED THE GREAT (r. 871-899) Raised army (878), defeated Vikings Raised army (878), defeated Vikings First king of all English First king of all English King Alfred the Great

12. The Emerging Western States Bronze statue of King Alfred the Great Winchester, United Kingdom

13. The Emerging Western States The Bayeux Tapestry (ca. 1070-80) The Norman Conquest The Norman Conquest Edward the Confessor (r. 1042-1066) died Edward the Confessor (r. 1042-1066) died Two heirs: Harold of Wessex, William of Normandy Two heirs: Harold of Wessex, William of Normandy William invaded England, defeated Harold at Hastings (1066) William invaded England, defeated Harold at Hastings (1066) William  “the Conqueror” (r. 1066-1089) William  “the Conqueror” (r. 1066-1089)

14. The Emerging Western States

15. Magna Carta (1215) Magna Carta (1215) Origins: King John’s conflict with France Origins: King John’s conflict with France The document The document Defined rights, obligations of nobility Defined rights, obligations of nobility King John forced to sign King John forced to sign Major point: king is not above law! Major point: king is not above law!

16. The Emerging Western States

17. Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire Many principalities, under an emperor Many principalities, under an emperor Princes governed independent states Princes governed independent states Emperors Emperors Claimed highest authority Claimed highest authority Had to respect princes’ rights Had to respect princes’ rights A decentralized monarchy A decentralized monarchy

18. The Emerging Western States Questions? Questions?

19. The Church and Christianity Papal Tiara (“Triregnum”) The “Papal Monarchy” The “Papal Monarchy” Supreme authority of Latin Church Supreme authority of Latin Church Claimed authority over secular rulers, Greek Church Claimed authority over secular rulers, Greek Church Papal States Papal States The Curia The Curia Papal Court, Rome Papal Court, Rome COLLEGE OF CARDINALS COLLEGE OF CARDINALS

20. The Church and Christianity Pope Innocent III (r. 1198-1216) Pope Innocent III (r. 1198-1216) Lawyer-pope Lawyer-pope Most powerful pope ever Most powerful pope ever Clash with King John Clash with King John Over new archbishop of Canterbury Over new archbishop of Canterbury Innocent excommunicated John Innocent excommunicated John John submitted to pope John submitted to pope Innocent III

21. The Church and Christianity

22. The Great Schism (1054) The Great Schism (1054) Greek and Latin Churches at odds Greek and Latin Churches at odds Papal supremacy asserted at Constantinople (1054) Papal supremacy asserted at Constantinople (1054) The Churches excommunicated each other The Churches excommunicated each other

23. The Church and Christianity The Crusades The Crusades Origins: Turkish threat to Byzantine Empire Origins: Turkish threat to Byzantine Empire Council of Clermont (1095) called for recapture of Holy Land Council of Clermont (1095) called for recapture of Holy Land First Crusade (1095-99) First Crusade (1095-99) Force of 50-60,000  Holy Land Force of 50-60,000  Holy Land “Pilgrimage”  salvation as reward! “Pilgrimage”  salvation as reward! Victory  Crusader States established Victory  Crusader States established Siege of Antioch

24. The Church and Christianity Other Crusades Other Crusades Christians lost ground in Holy Land  new crusades launched Christians lost ground in Holy Land  new crusades launched Third Crusade (1189-92) Third Crusade (1189-92) Saladin captured Jerusalem (1187) Saladin captured Jerusalem (1187) Another crusade  failure Another crusade  failure Crusades over by 1300 Crusades over by 1300 Saladin

25. The Church and Christianity The Mendicant Orders The Mendicant Orders AKA friars AKA friars The Dominicans The Dominicans Founder: Dominic Guzman Founder: Dominic Guzman Purpose: preaching “apostolic style” Purpose: preaching “apostolic style” The Franciscans The Franciscans Founder: Francis of Assisi Founder: Francis of Assisi Purpose: live in apostolic poverty Purpose: live in apostolic poverty Francis of Assisi

26. The Church and Christianity Robe of Francis of Asissi, Basilica di S. Francesco, Assisi

27. The Church and Christianity The Sacraments Seven Essential to salvation! Performed by clergy alone The Eucharist Sacrament of the Mass TRANSUBSTANTIATION Corpus Christi Procession

28. The Church and Christianity Questions? Questions?

29. Culture The University The University Organization of master and students Specialization Students given clerical status, grouped into “nations”

30. Culture Classroom Setting Classroom Setting Lectures considered best method of teaching Lectures considered best method of teaching Books very expensive! Books very expensive! Master’s role Master’s role Read excerpt of text Read excerpt of text Commentary Commentary Refute objections Refute objections Students’ role: commit it all to memory! Students’ role: commit it all to memory!

31. Culture Dante Alighieri Vernacular Literature Vernacular Literature Latin: language of Church, academia Latin: language of Church, academia VERNACULAR VERNACULAR Vernacular literature Vernacular literature Chanson de Roland (12 th cent.) Chanson de Roland (12 th cent.) Beowulf (ca. 1000) Beowulf (ca. 1000) The Divine Comedy (1313-21) The Divine Comedy (1313-21)

32. Culture “Leaning Tower,” Pisa (1053-1272) Romanesque Architecture Romanesque Architecture Massive stone churches Massive stone churches Sculpture on exterior Sculpture on exterior Round arches Round arches

33. Culture St. Sernin de Toulouse (1070-1120), France Exterior

34. Culture St. Sernin de Toulouse, Interior

35. Culture Gothic Architecture Gothic Architecture Pointed arches Pointed arches Stained-glass windows Stained-glass windows Flying buttresses Flying buttresses Chartres Cathedral (1145-1220), France

36. Culture Chartres Cathedral Interior Stained-Glass Window, Chartres Cathedral

37. Culture Questions? Questions?

38. High Medieval Europe How can we now view the Middle Ages as a time of progress and innovation? How can we now view the Middle Ages as a time of progress and innovation?